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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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1
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
marital problems
2
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the moral component of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the conscious aspect of personality
3
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
4
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
temporal lobe
stirrup
cochlea
oval window
5
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
6
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
subliminal threshold
absolute threshold
sensory memory
just noticeable difference
7
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
criterion-related validity
content validity
standardized validity
predictive validity
8
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
self-serving bias
attributions
prejudices
stereotypes
9
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
insight learning
10
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
conversion disorder
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
fugue
11
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
creativity
reasoning
intelligence
12
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
13
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
14
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thyroid
gonads
thalamus
pituitary
15
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
group polarization
conformity
deindividuation
16
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
observational learning
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
classical conditioning
17
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
lesioning
tumor ligation
18
Framing refers to...
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting irrelevant information
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
19
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
reiteration
relearning
recognition
20
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
sensory
short-term
intermediate-term
21
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
22
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the observational group
the control group
the experimental group
23
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
punishment
observational learning
operant conditioning
24
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
physical interaction
systematic hypothesis testing
abstract operations
logical reasoning
25
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
unconditioning
extinction
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
26
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
27
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the law of cognitive dissonance
the principle of collectivism
display rules
the reciprocity norm
28
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
median
mode
midpoint
mean
29
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in extraversion
low in openness
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
30
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous wakefulness
become aggressive
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous sleep
31
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
conjunction heuristic
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
32
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
a personality test
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
an achievement test
33
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
reversibility
conservation
egocentrism
34
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
35
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
cross-sectional
time of testing
sequential
longitundinal
36
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
attributionism
collectivism
individualism
37
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
loudness
timbre
pitch
38
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
perception
hypnosis
sensation
consciousness
39
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were put into a simulated prison
40
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a developmental psychologist
41
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
delusions
obsessions
hallucinations
illusions
42
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a behavior rating
a projective test
a self-report inventory
a deceptive test
43
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
thought is to perception
attitude is to action
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
44
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
schema
chunk
semantic network
45
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
serotonin
dopamine
acetylcholine
46
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
agonists
action potentials
neurotransmitters
47
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
48
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
lateral processing
49
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
olfactory cilia
smell buds
sciatic receptors
gustatory bulbs
50
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
physiological stability
physiological instability
psychological instability
51
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a delusion
an obsession
a phobia
a compulsion
52
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
an external attribution
a situational attribution
53
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
drive theory
instinct theory
54
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
platonic
phonemic
mnemonic
55
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
intelligence
mentalism
cognition
introspection
56
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
mood
personality
anxiety
schizophrenic
57
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
electrographic tomography
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
58
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
print letters
fear the dark
sing a song
59
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
60
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
lens
cornea
vitreous humor
iris
61
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
62
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
cerebellum
limbic system
brainstem
reticular formation
63
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
functionalism
64
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the autonomic nervous system
the endocrine system
memory
feeding
65
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
compensation
fixation
regression
66
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
cultural direction
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
67
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
brightness
saturation
color
light purity
68
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
crystallized
fluid
procedural
69
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
an amphetamine
70
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
71
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
pineal gland
thalamus
72
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
syntax
73
An antagonist...
extends the absolute refractory period
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
74
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
exposure to light
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
75
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
sebaceous gland
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
76
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
total loss of personal control
reduction of inhibitions
resistance to pain
hallucinations
77
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
78
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
representativeness
predictability
accuracy of inference
79
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
marijuana
cocaine
heroin
mescaline
80
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
independently of autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
81
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
encoded
retrieved
modeled
82
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
leftbrain/right brain communication
limbic system
reticular formation
83
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
strange situation
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
84
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
cognitive dissonance
conformity
groupthink
85
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
halo effect in aggression
86
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring dissent from group members
87
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
perception
processing
sensation
attention
88
What is somnambulism?
sleep-walking
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
difficulty breathing when asleep
89
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
questionnaires
psychological tests
physiological recordings
direct observation
90
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender roles
gender behaviors
gender differences
gender stereotypes
91
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
avoidance therapy
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
psychotherapy
92
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
episodic memories
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
93
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
happiness
sadness
fear
surprise
94
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
hypothalamus
medulla
prefrontal cortex
occipital cortex
95
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a contravened stereotype
a heuristic observation
a self-serving attribution
96
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
gamma
delta
alpha
beta
97
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
98
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
reinforcement
operant conditioning
observational learning
99
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
temperament
behavioral quality
personality
100
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
101
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
cognitive
psychoanalytic
humanistic
behavioral
102
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete storage failure
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
partial retrieval
103
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
aggressiveness
excessive guilt
social charm
manipulative behavior
104
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
conventional
concrete
postconventional
preconventional
105
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
I eated a cookie
cookie
106
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
107
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
anal
oral
latency
genital
108
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
conflict
change
pressure
109
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
overextension
semantic slanting
fast-mapping
metalinguistic awareness
110
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
avoidance learning
escape learning
an unconditioned response
111
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
alcohol
cannabis
narcotics
sedatives
112
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
been dreaming
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
113
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
closure
symmetry
similiarity
114
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Sperry's area
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
Cannon's area
115
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
classical conditioning
positive reinforcement
superstitious behavior
observational learning
116
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
the conscious
maladaptive behaviors
117
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
William James
G. Stanley Hall
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
118
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
119
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
food/meat powder
light
salivation
tone
120
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
REM
stage 1
stage 2
stage 4
121
The function of sensory memory is to...
put information into long-term memory
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
122
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
repression
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
suppression
123
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
id mechanisms
coping mechanisms
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
124
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
formal operations
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
125
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
the conjunction fallacy
126
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test levels
test scales
test scores
test norms
127
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
cortex
spinal cord
thalamus
location of injury
128
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; standardized
personality; standardized
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
129
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
percentiles
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
means
130
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
teratogens
prenatals
pathogens
131
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
shaping
stimulus discrimination
step-wise conditioning
132
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
conscious experience
the unconscious
the brain
behavior
133
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he's just like his father
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
134
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
musical
spatial
mechanical
135
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
corpus callosum
cerebral cortex
medulla
hypothalamus
136
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
137
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
content
construct
criterion-related
absolute
138
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
139
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
140
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
bipolar
dissociative
cyclical
unipolar
