What was the main difference between the climate around 21,000 years ago and now?

Around 21,000 years ago the climate was much dryer in northern Europe

Terminal moraines can generally be characterized as/made up of

non-sorted glacial debris marking (former) limit of glacier

Multiple active channels occur in

meandering river systems, braided river systems, anastomosing river systems

What is the influence of continents on climate change?

changing positions cause changes in global currents

Which of the processes below is the LEAST likely to evoke slope failure?

flooding of a lowland floodplain

Which processes causes differences in delta types? Please note that there is more than 1 correct answer

amount of available sediment load, the influence of tides that enter the river mouth

the elliptical movement of the earth around the sun

The presence of lakes is typical for permafrost regions. What is the cause of the presence of so many lakes?

impermeable subsurface: precipitation cannot enter the subsoil

What change occurred after the mid-Pleistocene revolution?

The climate variations became more pronounced

Which of the following is a proxy record?

a record of waning and growing ice sheets

See image for question

Only when the shell can be related to the occupation

The source of the loess sequences in Europe have been derived from:

the erosional products of glacial abrasion

Ridges made of faulted & thrusted sediment pushed up marking (former) limit

What are the main principles of thermohaline circulation?

saltwater is heavier than freshwater, cool water is heavier than warm water

early farmers in europe started in the loess zone. Why did they not cultivate the northern coversand regions as well?

Because coversand is very infertile

The main driving force of wind is

the difference in atmospheric pressure between two air masses

Which of the following characteristics belong to an immature soil? (multiple answers)

An immature soil lacks a well-developed E-horizon, Immature soils can be found all over the world, In time, an immature soil will develop into a mature horizon

How is the angle of repose related to the saturation of sediments?

Saturated sediments will increase angle of repose

Soils that develop on slopes are usually

Thinner than soils on level lands

Ocean currents are driven by (more than 1 answer is correct)

continent locations, temperature and salinity differences, tides, wind

There are more radiometric dating techniques than radiocarbon. Which of the following reflects their differences best

The technique is similar, but the materials and age range differ

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Landscape Dynamics 1 Knowledge Test 1

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1
Which of the following colors is lighter that 7.5YR7/2?
7.5YR 7/1
7.5YR 7/3
7.5YR 6/2
7.5YR 8/2
2
what is the following image?
talus cone/rock fall avalanche
slump
mud flow
debris/translational slide
3
What type of sediment are deposited in oxbow lakes?
channel deposits
levee deposits
crevasse deposits
flood deposits
4
glacier debris is also called
glacial erratics
moraine
horn
till
5
What was the main difference between the climate around 21,000 years ago and now?
At present the climate is much dryer in all parts of the world
Around 21,000 years ago the climate was much in all parts of the world
Around 21,000 years ago the climate was much dryer in northern Europe
At present the climate was much dryer in northern Europe
6
Terminal moraines can generally be characterized as/made up of
compacted glacial debris marking (former) limit of glacier
faulted & thrusted glacial debris marking (former) limit of glacier
non-sorted glacial debris marking (former) limit of glacier
7
Multiple active channels occur in
meandering river systems
braided river systems
anastomosing river systems
8
what slope process is shown?
debris avalanche
earth flow
slump
landslide
9
What type of mass movement is depicted in the image?
solifluction
mud flow
debris flow
rock fall
10
What is the influence of continents on climate change?
continents have higher albedos
changing positions cause changes in global currents
continents can store less heat than oceans
ice can only grow on continents
11
what is the following image?
debris/translational slide
slump
mud flow
talus cone/rock fall avalanche
12
Which of the processes below is the LEAST likely to evoke slope failure?
volcanic eruption
flooding of a lowland floodplain
earthquake
tsunami
13
Which processes causes differences in delta types? Please note that there is more than 1 correct answer
the size of the water basin that the river discharges in
size of river
amount of available sediment load
the influence of tides that enter the river mouth
14
Which of the following glacial deposits is deposited below the glacier?
lodgement till
ablation till
melt-out till
flow till
15
Eccentricity is
the change in orientation of the earth's axis towards the sun (wobbling)
the angle of tilt of the earth's axis
the elliptical movement of the earth around the sun
16
The presence of lakes is typical for permafrost regions. What is the cause of the presence of so many lakes?
climate change leading to the melting of the permafrost
collapsed pingos
high precipitation levels, hence wet landscapes
impermeable subsurface: precipitation cannot enter the subsoil
17
Which of the following countries have the highest rates of annual precipitation?
madagascar
panama
iceland
brazil
18
What change occurred after the mid-Pleistocene revolution?
The climate variations became more pronounced
The start of the pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles
Homo habilis became replaced by Neanderthals
The polar ice caps started to grow
19
what number is the levee
2
1
3
4
20
Which of the following is a proxy record?
a historical document on weather
a thermometer
a record of waning and growing ice sheets
21
See image for question
Only when the shell can be related to the occupation
Only when the shell contains cut marks (made by humans)
Yes, since the layer itself is directly dated
22
The location of the continents is the main cause of
the seasonal shift of the ITCZ
the arid subtropics
monsoon climates
23
What processes take place in the E-horizon?
oxidation
leaching
humification
illuviation
24
Where would one likely find the thickest soils?
over the oldest geological formations in an area, regardless of slope
moderately sloping, south facing hills
level or nearly level grounds
25
Which of the processes below is not a physical weathering process?
exfoliation
Salt crystal growth
frost wedging
dissolution
26
To which dune type belong these dunes?
Barchanoid dunes
Longitudinal dunes
parabolic dunes
domes
27
Which of the following glaciofluvial deposits is deposited below the glacier?
kame
braidplain
eskur
sandur
28
The source of the loess sequences in Europe have been derived from:
the braided river plains
the non-vegetated tundra's
The large coastal plains due to the low sea levels in glacial periods
the erosional products of glacial abrasion
29
thrust moraines are:
Ridges made of compacted glacial debris marking (former) limit of glacier
Ridges made of non-sorted glacial debris marking (former) limit of glacier
Ridges made of faulted & thrusted sediment pushed up marking (former) limit
30
What processes take place in the B-horizon?
illuviation
leaching
humification
oxidation
31
Glacial calving can be found at the foot of
Tidewater glaciers
Alpine glaciers
Ice sheets
Piedmont glaciers
32
What processes take place in the A-horizon?
Illuviation
Oxidation and humification
Leaching
33
What are the main principles of thermohaline circulation?
saltwater is heavier than freshwater, cool water is heavier than warm water
saltwater is lighter than freshwater, cool water is lighter than warm water
saltwater is lighter than freshwater, cool water is heavier than warm water
saltwater is heavier than freshwater, cool water is lighter than warm water
34
early farmers in europe started in the loess zone. Why did they not cultivate the northern coversand regions as well?
Because the loess was easier to work than the coversand
Because the climate in the north was not suitable (yet)
Because coversand is very infertile
Because they did not need more land
35
In what type of river does the formation of crevasse splays NOT occur?
braided river
meandering river
anastomosing river
36
which is a joint
1
4
2
3
37
Which region is coldest in January?
antarctica
north pole
38
true or false; an ice age is a period during which the global climate was extremely cold
False
True
39
The main driving force of wind is
the difference in atmospheric pressure between two air masses
the difference in atmospheric pressure between the two hemispheres
the difference in moisture content between two air masses
the global oceanic circulation
40
which is the b horizon?
3
2
4
1
41
Which of the following characteristics belong to an immature soil? (multiple answers)
An immature soil lacks a well-developed E-horizon
Immature soils can be found all over the world
an immature soil has no soil horizons
In time, an immature soil will develop into a mature horizon
42
The atmosphere has the highest rates of carbon dioxide during
periods with low sun activity
interglacial periods
glacial periods
prolonged periods with mild winters
43
Which of the transport mediums is the most likely for the sediment shown on the picture?
lake
mass movement on a slope
wind
river
44
How is the angle of repose related to the saturation of sediments?
Saturated sediments will decrease angle of repose
Saturated sediments will increase angle of repose
There is no direct connection between sediment saturation & angle of repose
45
Soils that develop on slopes are usually
Thicker than soils on level lands
much older than soils on level lands
Thinner than soils on level lands
darker than soils on level lands
46
Permafrost is always associated with the presence of ice, glaciers or ice caps
True
False
47
The term 'dust" is used to characterize the following deposit(s):
sand sheets in general: coversand as well as loess
cover sand
dune deposits
loess
48
Ocean currents are driven by (more than 1 answer is correct)
continent locations
temperature and salinity differences
tides
wind
49
Caves and caverns in limestone are formed by
jointing
hydrolysis
oxidation
dissolution
50
what is the following image?
talus cone/rock fall avalanche
slump
mud flow
debris/translational slide
51
There are more radiometric dating techniques than radiocarbon. Which of the following reflects their differences best
The technique is similar, but the materials and age range differ
The technique is similar, only the age range differs
The technique is similar, only the isotopes measured are different
The technique is similar, only the materials that can be dated differ
52
What is the most accurate definition of a cave?
Cave is a large underground opening formed by chemical processes
natty large underground area w parts that never receive direct sunlight
underground area that is formed as a result of karstification of limestone
all of the above
53
The smallest aeolian features shaped by individual saltating grains are
dunes
reg deserts
sand seas
ripples
54
What is meant by correlation?
a way to define a stratigraphical unit
a way to date layers
A way to relate two different layers that do not intersect or touch
55
Wave energy disperses energy around promontories in coves and lagoons. This process is known as:
the longshore current
tidal bore
wave refraction
breakers
56
Oxygen isotope signals obtained from the deep sea contain
Relatively high values of 18O during glacials
Relatively low relative values of 18O during glacials
57
What is meant by the term thermohaline circulation?
currents mainly driven by changing gyres
currents mainly driven by changes in temperature
currents mainly driven by changes in temperature and salinity
currents mainly driven by changes in salinity
58
What is the difference between soils and sediments?
Their mineral composition
These are synonyms: they mean the same
their geochemistry
The manner in which they were created
59
Which of the following horizons refers to the soil horizon from which humus and clay have been washed out?
a
b
e
c
60
What is the best definition of a soil?
unconsolidated surface deposits that serve as a natural medium for growth
A soil is the material on the surface of the ground in which plants grow
layer in which plants grow, minerals mixed w org matter, able to hold h20
Soil is the dirt when we garden or farm, from which all living things come
61
Why are paleosols common in loess sequences?
very fluctuating depos, leaving time for soil formation during non depos
very fertile with easy vegetation growth, promotes soil formation
they reflect palimpsests, plow zones associated w neolithic settlements
the sequences show long periods, w warm periods in which soils could form
62
Cockpit karst is only found in tropical regions. True or not true?
not true, it can form in other climates, but it takes longer
Not true, it does only form in tropics, but climate changes through time
True, this type of dissolution only forms in the tropics
63
Sorted sediment deposited by glaciofluvial action are called
till
moraines
glacial erratics
stratified drift
64
In the Appalachians subsurface coal mining has resulted in slope failure due to:
the seepage of water that is extracted from the mine
land subsidence
construction of highways towards the mine
the clearing of the forest
65
Which of the following organisms contribute to soil formation?
moles
worms
fungi
roots
66
what is the following image?
slump
debris/translational slide
mud flow
talus cone/rock fall avalanche
67
Unfrozen ground in a region of discontinuous permafrost is known as
patterned ground
cryotic zone
Nunatak
talik
68
Glacial periods are characterized by
the growth of ice sheets and globally low temperatures
the growth of ice sheets and low sea levels
globally low temperatures and low sea levels
69
Which of the example below are good examples of facies?
the sea and the beach
beaches and dunes
beach sand and dune sand
a river and its bedload
70
the presence of relic ice wedges can be used as
indicators of the melting of the permafrost as a result of climate change
indicators of the former presence of permafrost at that location
indicators that the layer they formed in was deposited in a glacial period
71
In which direction does the ICTZ move in September?
north
doesnt move
south
some north, some south
72
In which epoch of the geological time scale emerged the first modern humans?
miocene
pleistocene
pliocene
holocene
73
In which part of a tidal environment is clay deposited?
all of above
mudflat
salt marsh
tidal channel
74
Would you expect an accurate radiocarbon date from a bulk sample of terrestrial plant remains found at a depth of 20 cm
it doesn't reflect the occupation, the plants were there before the people
Yes, you sampled the find layer and the plant remains are terrestrial
date is likely too young, due to a high chance of recent roots in sample
date is likely too old since the remains are terrestrial (should be water)
75
What are secondary minerals?
Minerals of which the R-horizon is composed of
Minerals formed in the B-horizon
Minerals formed by chemical weathering
All minerals present in the regolith
76
select correct order from coldest to least cold
Subsea permafrost, Closed talik, active layer 10 cm thick, Palsa
active layer 10 cm thick, Subsea permafrost, Closed talik, Palsa
Subsea permafrost, active layer 10 cm thick, Closed talik, Palsa
Subsea permafrost, Palsa, active layer 10 cm thick, Closed talik
77
Which of the mass movement types below happens MOST rapidly?
slump
solifluction
earthflow
mudflow
78
Is it possible to find sand wedges and ice wedge casts in the same region, when you take into account their genesis?
Yes, but they cannot be formed in the same period
ice wedges form in wet conditions & sand wedges point to dry environments
Yes, it depends on the local conditions, such as surface relief
No the ice wedges were formed in permafrost conditions, sandwedges were not
79
Which of the numbers refers to the channel?
3
4
1
2
80
What will happen when you drop a particle of 10 cm in a river that flows with a velocity of 1 cm/s
It just drops to the bottom
it will not drop to the bottom but is immediately transported in the stream
it drops to the bottom and starts to roll
81
Colluvial deposits are mainly the result of
Solifluction and sheet flow
Sheet flow and solifluction
Flooding and sheet flow
Soil creep and solifluction
82
Imagine that you hike in the desert of Algeria. What dune type do you expect to see first?
transverse
parabolic
linear
star
83
Different soils that exist in the same climatic zone can be attributed to several factors, including:
human impact
differences in precipitation
type of rock at surface
the topography
84
Gyres are
Surface currents driven by the wind
Surface currents deflected by the Coriolis force
Surface currents driven by the tides
Surface currents driven by tropical cyclones
85
Karstification refers to a type of:
Chemical erosion
Physical erosion
Chemical weathering
Physical weathering
86
The highest atmospherics radiation rates (energy of the sun) occur in
african tropical belt
sahara desert
indian ocean
amazon basin
87
What is the correct stratigraphical order of the following sequence (from old to young)?
D > G > C > H > B > F > E > I > A
D > G > C > H > B > A > F > E > I
D > G > C > B > H > A > F > E > I
I > E > F > A > B > H > C > G > D
88
Why do some regions have beach coasts and others tidal coasts?
Beach coasts form in large seas bcs the waves need to develop
Beach coasts form in areas w a dominant wind direction towards land
Tidal coasts form in coasts that are protected from waves
Tidal coasts form only when there is clay available
89
Diverging of the waves when a wave front approaches the coast, results in:
A decrease in wave energy and hence deposition
An increase in wave energy and hence deposition
A decrease in wave energy and hence erosion
An increase in wave energy and hence erosion
90
Radiocarbon dates are expressed as 1,000 ± 50 BP. What does this mean?
the sample dates between 950-1050 years before 1950 with a 95.4% confidence
the sample dates between 950-1050 years ago with a 95.4% confidence
the sample dates between 950-1050 years ago with a 68,2% confidence
the sample dates between 950-1050 years before 1950 w/a 68,2% confidence
91
The main weathering process contributing to dissolved sediment load (material in solution) is
physical weathering
erosion
biological weathering
chemical weathering
92
What is meant by parent material? (R-Horizon)
Parent material is the physically unchanged rock below a soil
Parent material is the source rock of sediments
Parent material the source organic material of the humic horizons
Parent material is the chemically unchanged rock below a soil
93
What is the reason that periglacial regions contain many marshes and lakes?
A wet climate
The permafrost impedes subsurface drainage
These lakes are only present in discontinuous permafrost
The lack of rivers that drain the region
94
what coastal process can be use best and in which part of coastal zone should they add additional sand?
wave action: lg amt sand at foreshore, waves move sand up towards beach
wind action: lg amt sand on whole beach, wind blows up towards dunes
use breakers: lg amt of sand at nearshore, breaking waves move sand up
longshore current: lg amt upstream, current moves sand further
95
What was the main difference between the climate around 6,000 years ago and now?
Around 6,000 years ago the climate was much dryer in the Sahara region
Around 6,000 years ago the climate was much drier in the mid-latitudes
At present the climate is much dryer in the Sahara region
96
Oxygen isotope signals obtained from an ice sheet contain
Relatively low relative values of 18O during glacials
Relatively high values of 18O during glacials
97
An archaeological find layer has been dated to (5,000 ± 30 BP) by radiocarbon. What is the age and what type of date?
younger than 5,000 ± 30 BP, based on an ante quem date
younger than 5,000 ± 30 BP, based on a post quem date
older than 5,000 ± 30 BP, based on an ante quem date
older than 5,000 ± 30 BP, based on a post quem date
98
Maximum velocity in a meandering stream is
near the bottom
at the outer portion of the meander curve
at the center and near the surface
at the inner portion of the meander curve
99
Periglacial landscapes are commonly associated with
tundra climates
polar climates with ice caps
steppes
boreal forests
100
Which of the irregularities in the Earth's orbit has a cyclicity of 26,000 years?
obliquity
precession
eccentricity

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