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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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Questions
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Answers
1
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
state-dependent learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
2
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
delta
alpha
gamma
beta
3
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
4
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
overextension
fast-mapping
semantic slanting
metalinguistic awareness
5
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
recall
recognition
reiteration
6
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
deindividuation
conformity
social loafing
group polarization
7
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
attributions
self-serving bias
stereotypes
prejudices
8
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
sensation
hypnosis
perception
consciousness
9
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
10
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
memory
the autonomic nervous system
feeding
the endocrine system
11
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
gender roles
gender differences
12
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
manipulative behavior
excessive guilt
social charm
aggressiveness
13
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
functionalism
behaviorism
neodynamism
14
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; standardized
personality; standardized
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; personality
15
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
16
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Broca's area
Cannon's area
Wernicke's area
Sperry's area
17
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
social scripts
display rules
parental investments
investment differentiations
18
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
19
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scales
test norms
test scores
test levels
20
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
percentiles
standard deviation
correlation coefficients
21
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
oral
latency
anal
22
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
crystallized
episodic
procedural
fluid
23
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
change
frustration
conflict
pressure
24
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
25
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
fear the dark
sing a song
tie shoe laces
print letters
26
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
loud noise
rat
fear reaction
27
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
sensory
long-term
short-term
28
Anhedonia is when a person...
experiences mild manic states
has trouble getting along with people
has two different psychological disorders
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
29
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
measures what it is supposed to measure
30
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the observational group
the correlational group
the control group
31
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
chunk
semantic network
schema
script
32
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
33
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
vitreous humor
lens
iris
34
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold information for a lifetime
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
35
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
36
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
37
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
38
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
midpoint
median
mode
mean
39
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
an obsession
a phobia
a compulsion
a delusion
40
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
an achievement test
a personality test
41
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
a variety of environmental factors
changes in testing procedures
group differences in basic intelligence
genetic influences on IQ
42
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
tumor ligation
lesioning
43
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
systematic hypothesis testing
physical interaction
logical reasoning
abstract operations
44
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
food/meat powder
light
tone
45
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
symmetry
closure
similiarity
46
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
spatial
logical-mathemathical
musical
47
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
48
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
marital problems
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
49
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
Rene Decartes
William James
50
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
basis for performing pro-social behavior
51
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
people often see what they expect to see
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
52
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
neurogenic amnesia
repression
avoidance
suppression
53
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
reticular formation
cerebellum
limbic system
brainstem
54
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
maladaptive behaviors
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
the conscious
55
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
syntax
56
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
psychoanalytic
humanistic
cognitive
behavioral
57
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
activation-synthesis theory
58
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
gonads
pituitary
thalamus
thyroid
59
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
marijuana
cocaine
mescaline
heroin
60
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
occipital cortex
medulla
61
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
cross-sectional
time of testing
longitundinal
sequential
62
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
subliminal threshold
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
sensory memory
63
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
escape learning
avoidance learning
an unconditioned response
64
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
IQ
a percentile score
mental age
a potential score
65
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
individualism
attributionism
collectivism
66
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
serotonin
endorphin
dopamine
acetylcholine
67
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
a self-serving attribution
demonstrates an illusory correlation
68
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
observational learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
reinforcement
69
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
anterograde amnesia
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
70
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
71
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
pineal gland
thalamus
72
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in agreeableness
low in openness
low in extraversion
high in neuroticism
73
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
74
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
a behavior rating
75
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
the proximodistal trend
76
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
the absolute refractory period
77
What is somnambulism?
sleep-talking
sleep-walking
difficulty breathing when asleep
difficulty remaining asleep
78
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
hallucinations
delusions
illusions
79
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
top-down processing
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
lateral processing
80
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
avoidance therapy
psychotherapy
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
81
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
unconditioning
extinction
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
82
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
behavior is to motive
feeling is to thinking
thought is to perception
attitude is to action
83
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
leftbrain/right brain communication
reticular formation
limbic system
endocrine system
84
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
poor police protection
crowded living conditions
85
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
REM
stage 2
stage 1
stage 4
86
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the unconscious
conscious experience
the brain
behavior
87
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
physiological instability
psychological instability
physiological stability
88
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
an external attribution
a situational attribution
89
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
medulla
90
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial storage
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
complete retrieval failure
91
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
representativeness
predictability
accuracy of inference
92
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
episodic memories
flashbulb memories
93
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a narcotic
a sedative
an amphetamine
a hallucinogen
94
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
incentive theory
evolutionary theory
instinct theory
95
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
96
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
moving a part of his body
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
97
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
mentalism
intelligence
cognition
98
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
censoring dissent from group members
99
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
egocentrism
reversibility
conservation
100
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
post-conventional moral reasoning
formal operations
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
101
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
conjunction heuristic
representativeness heuristic
law of small numbers
availability heuristic
102
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
electrographic tomography
computerized tomography
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
103
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
sedatives
narcotics
cannabis
alcohol
104
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
fixation
displacement
compensation
regression
105
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
behavioral quality
temperament
attachment
106
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a clinical psychologist
107
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
content validity
predictive validity
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
108
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
happiness
fear
surprise
sadness
109
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
pitch
timbre
loudness
decibels
110
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
unrealistic demands from family/friends
111
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
fill-feed
car-nose
tree-bird
112
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
autonomic nerves
sympathetic nerves
efferent nerves
113
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
encoded
modeled
ablated
114
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
not been dreaming
been dreaming
not really been asleep
115
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
116
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
strange situation
shared inhibition
117
Framing refers to...
presenting only part of the information required
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
118
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
119
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
pathogens
prenatals
teratogens
120
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
fugue
panic disorder
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
121
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
a false alarm
subliminal perception
122
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
direct observation
questionnaires
psychological tests
physiological recordings
123
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
conventional
concrete
preconventional
postconventional
124
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia
125
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
light purity
saturation
color
brightness
126
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
unipolar
cyclical
bipolar
127
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
stereotypes
cognitive structuring
cultural direction
schematizing
128
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
agonists
action potentials
antagonists
neurotransmitters
129
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
sensation
perception
attention
130
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
phonemic
morphemic
platonic
mnemonic
131
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the law of cognitive dissonance
display rules
the reciprocity norm
the principle of collectivism
132
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
remain in continuous sleep
133
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
cultural practices
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
134
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
135
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
anxiety
personality
schizophrenic
mood
136
The superego is Freud's term for...
the conscious aspect of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the moral component of personality
137
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
stimulus discrimination
selection
step-wise conditioning
shaping
138
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
139
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
after autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
140
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
conformity
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
obedience
141
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
latent learning
insight learning
classical conditioning
142
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
oval window
cochlea
temporal lobe
stirrup
143
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
reasoning
insight
intelligence
creativity
144
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
classical conditioning
observational learning
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
145
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
sebaceous gland
pancreas
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
146
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
147
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
absolute
content
criterion-related
148
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
location of injury
thalamus
cortex
149
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
cookie
give cookie
i wanted a cookie
150
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
punishment
