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PS101: R. Pister Laurier Flashcards | StudBud
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PS101: R. Pister Laurier
PS101: R. Pister Laurier
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1
What is associative learning?
Learning through trail and error without association
Learning through the association of stimuli or behaviours with consequences
Learning that is focused only on memorization
Learning through observing others
2
What are the Nodes of Ranvier?
The receptors for neurotransmitters.
The part of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored.
Gaps between neurons where synapses occur.
Regions of bare axon between areas wrapped in myelin.
3
What are the three primary life tasks that define healthy personality functioning?
Independence, self-worth, emotional stability
Gaining wealth, becoming famous, gaining power
Avoiding stress, self-confidence, professional sucess
Representation of self & others, intimacy, cooperative behaviours
4
Which theory explains GAD as intolerance of negative events?
intolerance of uncertainty theory
learned helplessness theory
attribution-helplessness theory
social learning theory
5
What does a p-value of 0.03 indicate?
The results are statistically significant.
There is no relationship between variables.
The null hypothesis is correct.
The results are likely due to random chance.
6
What does a correlation coefficient of 0.8 indicate?
No relationship
A weak relationship
A strong relationship
A non-linear relationship
7
What was Wilhelm Wundt’s primary focus in psychology?
The study of consciousness
Personality types
The unconscious mind
Perceptual wholes
8
Which measure identifies the most frequently occurring value?
Standard deviation
Median
Mode
Mean
9
How much does the human brain weigh?
3lbs
2lbs
5lbs
8lbs
10
Which of the following statements about sleep and learning is TRUE?
Sleep deprivation improves focus
Sleep deprivation has no effect on memory storage
Sleep improves only short-term memory, not long-term memory
Sleep deprivation can impair attention and memory storage
11
What is the function of astroglia?
Providing myelin to neurons.
Creating the blood-brain barrier and aiding communication between neurons.
Cleaning up dead cells and preventing infections.
Sending pain information to the spinal cord.
12
Which Big Five personality trait is most strongly associated with positive emotions?
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Extraversion
Neuroticism
13
Using social media while studying is associated with:
Faster learning
Enhanced multitasking ability
Improved grades
Lower grades
14
The Developmental Psychopathology Model includes which concept?
operant conditioning
biochemical malfunctions
selective perception
equifinality
15
Successful therapists often:
build a sense of self-mastery in clients
avoid providing feedback to clients
use identical methods for all clients
focus exclusively on environmental factors
16
What is a characteristic of maladaptive coping?
it reduces stress over the long term
it always addresses the stressor directly
it onvolves avoidance-based behaviours that lack long-term benefits
it aligns with the stressor
17
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
Scolding a child for misbehaving
Giving a child praise for completing homework
Removing an unpleasant task when a child behaves well
Taking away a privilege after bad behavior
18
Which is an example of a negative symptom in schizophrenia?
delusions
flat affect
hallucinations
loose associations
19
Who is considered the creator of empiricism?
John Locke
Reme Descartes
Socrates
Francis Bacon
20
Which is NOT a consequence of mental health stigma?
increased isolation
internalized oppression
increased intelligence
denial of adequate housing
21
Which format is NOT considered an alternative to individual therapy?
group therapy
family and couple therapy
community treatment
psychotropic medication therapy
22
What is Consciousness?
The brain's electrical response to stimuli
A state where we only recognize external sensations
Our physical awareness of external environments only
Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment
23
What is NOT one of the four goals of psychology?
Hypothesize
Predict
Control
Describe
24
Which limbic system structure processes emotions related to fear and anxiety?
Hippocampus
Thalamus
Pituitary gland
Amygdala
25
What is a primary limitation of behavioral therapies?
Lack of effectiveness for vague disorders
Inability to treat specific phobias
Ineffectiveness in institutional settings
Lack of research support
26
What was trephination believed to achieve?
to release fluids from the brain
to imporve blood circulation
to release evil spirits causing mental dysfunction
to align nerve pathways
27
What is a theory in psychology?
A fixed, unchanging belief.
A summary of previous research findings.
A random guess about human behaviour.
A set of statements describing how variables relate.
28
According to research on twin studies, which personality trait model has a strong genetic component?
The Eysenck Superfactor Model
The Type A vs Type B personality model
The Big Five personality traits
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
29
Which trait is most strongly related to positive adaptation and resilience?
Emotional stability
Gratitude
Kindness
Zest
30
Which of the following is an example of a daily hassle?
losing your keys
living in poverty
Moving to a new city
surviving a natural disaster
31
Which structure in the midbrain is responsible for fluidity of movement?
Substantia nigra
Cerebral Cortex
Hippocampus
Thalamus
32
According to Carl Jung, what are the two parts of the unconscious mind?
Super Unconscious and Subconscious
Basic Unconscious and Social Unconscious
Collective Unconscious and Conscious Mind
Personal Unconscious and Collective Unconscious
33
In operant conditioning, a punishment involves:
Increasing the likelihood of behaviour
Decreasing the likelihood of behaviour
Repeating the behaviour for reinforcement
Removing the consequences of a behaviour
34
What type of neuron sends pain information to the spinal cord?
Interneuron
Glial cell
Motor neuron
Sensory neuron
35
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
Coordination of movement and motor learning
Processing emotions like fear
Bridging the medulla and other brain areas
Regulating breathing and heartbeat
36
Socio-cultural conditions as stressors include:
chronic illness
learning a new language
losing a job
war and violence
37
Which part of the brain is involved in regulating sleep and mood?
Pons
Medulla
Reticular formation
Cerebellum
38
What is the focus of second-wave cognitive-behavioural therapies?
Encouraging role-playing exercises for social skills
Accepting problematic thoughts as thoughts without judgment
Identifying and eliminating irrational thoughts
Using positive reinforcement for healthy behaviors
39
Which type of reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?
Fixed interval
Continuous reinforcement
Variable ratio
Fixed ratio
40
What does the first belief of science imply?
Testing predictions is not required.
We can identify cause-and-effect relationships.
Events happen randomly.
Laws are not applicable to human behaviour.
41
What is "inattentional blindness"?
When we miss details in a visual stimulus due to lack of attention
When we cannot recall details due to unconscious memory
When we focus intently on a specific visual stimulus
When we cannot see due to physical blindness
42
What is hypnosis thought to do according to the Divided Consciousness Theory?
Stregthen conscious awareness
increase pain sensitivity
Split awareness into two parts
Block conscious awareness entirely
43
Which of the following is NOT considered an altered state of consciousness?
Dreaming
Hypnosis
Meditation
Focused attention
44
What is an example of an operational definition of bullying?
"Bullying is a universal concept of harm."
"Counting the number of times a person calls another a name."
"Bullying is mean behaviour by one person toward another."
"Bullying is a misuse of power in relationships."
45
What concept is associated with John Locke?
Psychoanalysis
Tabula rasa (blank slate)
Mind-body dualism
Stream of consciousness
46
What is the diathesis-stress model?
a theory focusing on learned behaviours
chemical imbalance due to seratonin depletion
biological predisposition combined with negative events
childhood trauma's resulting in psychosis
47
Which of the following describes the “id” in personality theory?
The internalized social rules and morals that define what is acceptable
responsible for basic instinctual drives such as eating, sleeping & comfort
A rational, problem-solving force that mediates between instincts & morals
The part of personality that focuses on self-concept and self-actualization
48
What is the essence of true self-care?
escaping from daily stressors frequently
seeking distractions to cope with stress
building a life that doesn't require regular escape
engaging in spiritual practices only
49
What percentage of the body's energy does the brain use?
20%
15%
10%
30%
50
What is the first step in the scientific method?
Identify a problem or question
Analyze data
Formulate a hypothesis
Develop a theory
51
Which of the following helps in perspective-taking during stress?
solely relying on others advice
viewing the situation in a broader context
focusing on the emotional reaction only
avoidoing thoughts about the stressor
52
Who is most associated with functionalism?
John Locke
William James
Sigmund Freud
Edward Titchener
53
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters across the synapse?
Release of myelin
Resting potential
Glial cell activity
Action potential
54
In trait theory, Hans Eysenck identified which three personality "superfactors"?
Conscientiousness, Introversion, Extraversion
Agreeableness, Introversion, Neuroticism
Extroversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism
Openness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism
55
Mental illness requires which of the following for proper support?
none of the above
support from mental health specialties
self-diagnosis
regular exercise
56
Which coping strategy focuses on addressing emotional responses without addressing the actual stressor?
Problem-focused coping
Adaptive copy
Avoidance-focused coping
Emotion-focused coping
57
What does a skewed distribution indicate?
Consistent central tendancies
No varibility in the data set
Symmetrical data
Outliers have affected the shape of the distribution
58
Which biological treatment involves an electromagnetic coil to stimulate the brain?
Deep Brain Stimulation
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Psychosurgery
59
Which neurotransmitter is associated with positive emotions in the reward centers of the brain?
Seratonin
Dopamine
Adrenaline
Coritsol
60
What characterizes REM sleep?
Slow brain waves and deep sleep
Increased heart rate and wakefullness
Muscle relaxation and reduced brain activity
Rapid eye movements and vivid dreams
61
What does the Feeling and Emotions Wheel aim to illustrate?
the basic six emotions only
physical responses to stressors
only positive emotions
the complexity if human emotions beyond basic emotions
62
Which humanist psychologist proposed the hierarchy of needs, including self-actualization at the top?
Carl Rogers
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney
Abraham Maslow
63
Which theory explains drug addiction as a result of a less responsive reward system?
Activation-Synthesis Model
Information Processing Theory
Reward Deficiency Syndrome
Circadian Rhythm Theory
64
Which type of variable has numbers assigned to indicate degree or amount?
Quantitative
Qualitative
Dependent
Independent
65
What method was central to structuralism?
Psychoanalysis
Introspection
Empirical observation
Functional adaptation
66
The DSM-5 is primarily used in which regions?
Canada and the United States
Europe and Africa
South America
Asia and Austrailia
67
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assesses personality by measuring which of the following?
Dichotomies in preferences: introversion vs extraversion
Levels of anxiety and aggression
Emotional stability and neuroticism
An individual's need for social interaction
68
What happens during an action potential?
The neuron stops sending signals.
Ion channels open, and the neuron becomes more positive inside.
Myelin sheaths are removed.
The neuron becomes more negative inside.
69
What differentiates Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) from everyday anxiety?
GAD is proportionate to the situation
GAD does not impact daily life
GAD resolves without intervention
GAD is persistent and uncontrollable
70
...
The VIA Character Strengths survey
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
The Big Five Personality Inventory
71
How fast can information travel in the brain?
128 mph
68 mph
268 mph
200 mph
72
Which is NOT a characteristic of Roger's client-centered therapy?
Role-playing exercises
Accurate empathy
Unconditional positive regard
Genuineness
73
What is the main characteristic of Bipolar I disorder?
symptoms only induced by external factors
at least one hypomanic episode and no manic episiodes
only depressive episodes
at least one manic episode
74
Which example represents a null hypothesis?
There is a difference between groups.
The experimental group performs better than the control group.
All groups show improvement over time.
There is no difference between groups.
75
What distinguishes
self-care
from
coping
?
Coping is adaptation to stress, self-care is ongoing maintenance of health.
Self-care focuses on emotional reactions only.
Coping is ongoing maintenance of health, while self-care is temporary.
Both terms are interchangeable.
76
What is a key goal of short-term psychodynamic therapy?
Eliminate all sources of stress
Uncover multiple subconscious issues
Strengthen familial bonds
Focus on a single dynamic problem
77
What is the core principle of respect for persons in ethical research?
Avoiding unnecessary risks during research.
Treating participants equally regardless of risks.
Guaranteeing statistically significant results.
Recognizing the autonomy and intrinsic value of individuals.
78
Which nervous system division controls external actions of skin and muscles?
Automatic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
79
Which type of drug is known for reducing pain and producing euphoria?
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Depressants
Opioids
80
According to research, approximately how much do
genetic factors
contribute to positive emotions?
40%
50%
25%
10%
81
What topics will the tests focus on?
Material discussed in class only
Supplementary online resources
Entire textbook, regardless of class coverage
Chapters skipped during class
82
What best defines mental health?
a permanent condition
general state of wellbeing or state of mind
a specific diagnosable condition
lack of mental illness symptoms
83
What activity contributes 3% to the course grade?
Research Participation
Chapter quizzes
Syllabus quiz
In-class tests
84
What is the primary purpose of neuroimaging techniques?
To enhance muscle memory.
To test the strength of bones.
To measure the electrical signals in muscles.
To obtain visual images of brain activity and structure in awake humans.
85
What is a population in psychological research?
A small subset of individuals.
The entire group of interest to researchers.
Students who sign up for a specific study.
A randomly selected control group.
86
What does a fixed ratio schedule involve in operant conditioning?
Reinforcing a behaviour at random intervals
Reinforcing a behaviour after a set time has passed
Reinforcing a behaviour after a specific number of responses
Reinforcing a behaviour after an average number of responses
87
What does Cohen’s d measure?
The strength of the relationship between variables
The effect size in group comparisons
Statistical significance
The probability of random error
88
What value highlights that psychological perspectives evolve over time?
Contextual
Theory-Driven
Empirical
Multi-level
89
What does the concept of “situationism” suggest about personality?
Personality is unaffected by social environments
Personality traits determine behaviour in all situations
Social situations are independant of personality traits
Situations largely drive behaviour rather than personality
90
What is the role of the hippocampus in the limbic system?
Processing fear and anxiety.
Learning and memory.
Regulating hormones
Motor coordination.
91
What is NOT a focus of psychology according to the course objectives?
Analyzing and challenging accepted “truths” about human behaviour
Relying on mystical predictions like a Magic 8 Ball
Differentiating various psychological theories and disciplines
Understanding the complexity of interactions that affect behaviours
92
What is the dependent variable in an experiment?
The variable being measured.
The population of the study.
The variable being manipulated.
The sample size.
93
What critical skill is emphasized in the course?
Critical thinking to analyze human experiences
Memorization of psychological theories
Learning new languages
Experimenting with Magic 8 Balls
94
What is a key characteristic of scientific research in psychology?
Avoiding the use of natural laws.
Drawing conclusions without evidence.
Focusing on abstract, non-testable ideas.
Testing hypotheses and building systematic knowledge.
95
Which of the following is NOT a neuroimaging technique?
EEG
CT
MRI
TMS
96
Which brain structure, when damaged, may affect wakefulness?
Thalamus
Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Reticular formation
97
Which branch focuses on applying psychology to real-life situations?
Applied
Clinical and Counselling
Research-focused
Academic
98
According to the levels of awareness, daydreaming falls under which level?
Middle level of awareness
Highest level of awareness
Lowest level of awareness
Unconscious level
99
Which of the following is an example of internal stimuli?
The sound of music
Smelling flowers
Feeling sleepy
Seeing a friend
100
Obsessions are:
Repetitive and rigid behaviours
Uncontrollable physical symptoms
Persistent, intrusive thoughts or impulses
Sudden panic attacks
101
What is the charge of a neuron at resting potential?
-70 milivolts
+30 milivolts
0 milivolts
-30 milivolts
102
What is the purpose of a hypothesis?
To summarize previous research.
To propose a non-testable idea.
To manipulate experimental variables.
To make a prediction derived from a theory.
103
A malfunction in which brain areas is linked to OCD?
Orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nuclei
Brainstem and cerebellum
Hippocampus and amygdala
Temporal and occipital lobes
104
Which level of analysis focuses on brain cell activity?
The group
The environment
The person
The brain
105
Which system is used by most countries to classify psychological disorders?
APA guidelines
DSM-5
WHO Manual
ICD-11
106
Which criterion is defined as behaviour that interferes with daily functioning?
danger
deviance
dystfunction
distress
107
Engaging in which activity helps maintain positive emotions intentionally?
practicing mindfulness
avoiding social interactions
ignoring negative feelings
pursuing materialistic goals
108
In classical conditioning, which component is a stimulus that elicits a response without prior learning?
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
109
What is required for ethical research involving humans?
Eliminating the need for control groups.
Obtaining informed and voluntary consent.
Guaranteeing experimental success.
Ensuring participants are unaware of risks.
110
Why must a sample represent the population?
To ensure random results.
To make accurate generalizations about the population.
To reduce the need for inferential statistics.
To guarantee statistical significance.
111
Which glial cell helps speed up neural transmission?
Astroglia
Oligodendroglia
Microglia
Motor neuron
112
Which dimension of self-care involves maintaining a healthy environment and surroundings?
relational
emotional
environmental
apititudinal
113
What distinguishes Gestalt psychology?
It focuses on individual elements of consciousness.
It emphasizes the whole being greater than the sum of its parts.
It relies on the study of unconscious conflicts.
It uses introspection to identify sensory elements.
114
Why is psychology considered a science?
It disregards the scientific method.
It uses empirical research and data analysis.
It relies on subjective opinions.
It involves mystical predictions of behaviour.
115
Which theory suggests that dreams involve processing information from the day?
Activation-Synthesis Model
Information Processing Theory
Restoration Theory
Freudian Dream Theory
116
Which neurotransmitters are associated with depression according to neuroscientists?
dopamine and acetylcholine
Cortisol and adrenaline
norepinephrine and seratonin
GABBA and glutamate
117
What is the primary criticism of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?
It does not measure introversion and extraversion
It's too complex for practical use
It's based on theories unrelated to personality
It often lacks reliability in repeated tests
118
Which factor is beneficial for facilitating learning?
Focusing on multitasking
Only studying right before a test
Studying in the same location every time
Studying in different locations
119
How many topics from each APA pillar will be covered?
2
1
3
4
120
What is the main purpose of psychotropic drugs?
to enhance memory retention
to influence brain functioning
to improve heart health
to balance blood sugar levels
121
What type of neuron communicates between sensory and motor neurons?
Motor neuron
Astroglia
Interneuron
Sensory neuron
122
What are the two essential beliefs of science?
The universe is random, and laws cannot be discovered.
Science relies solely on intuition and speculation.
Natural laws govern the universe, these laws are discoverable and testable.
Cause and effect are irrelevant, and experiments are unnecessary.
123
Which sleep disorder involves difficulty falling or staying asleep?
Sleep apnea
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Night terrors
124
Which technique creates an anxiety hierarchy to gradually reduce fears?
Systematic Desensitization
Operant conditioning
Social skills training
Aversion therapy
125
What level of analysis considers social and cultural influences on behavio
u
r?
The environment
The brain
The group
The person
126
What is the placebo effect?
A specific kind of psychotropic drug
Improvements from treatments with no therapeutic effect
A therapy used for depression involving electrodes
An emotional reaction to positive reinforcement
127
What is blood-letting?
a process of social reintegration therapy
removing impure fluids to treat conditions
a surgical procedure on nerve pathways
using electric shock to trigger brain seizures
128
What does "free association" in psychodynamic therapy entail?
Guided meditative practices
Role-playing traumatic experiences
Client-led discussions to uncover unconscious events
Therapist-initiated conversations
129
What is the main focus of existential therapy?
encouraging clients to accept responsibility for their lives
analyzing childhood events
creating anxiety hierarchies
helping clients develop social skills
130
Which model focuses on unconscious childhood conflicts?
neuroscience
humanistic
psychodynamic
cognitive-behavioural
131
What is the purpose of the coefficient of determination (r²)?
To measure central tendency.
To test statistical significance.
To describe how much variance in one variable is explained by another.
To identify nonlinear relationships.
132
What is habituation in non-associative learning?
A decrease in response to a repeated stimulus
A strong reaction to a weak stimulus
A learned association between two stimuli
An increase in response to a new stimulus
133
Which of the following is one of the six basic emotions?
gratitude
disgust
hope
zest
134
Beck’s cognitive therapy is primarily used to treat:
Generalized anxiety disorder
Phobias
Depression
Bipolar Disorder
135
What does “Multi-Level” imply in psychology?
Focusing exclusively on group dynamics
Explaining behaviour solely through brain structure
Considering the brain, individual, and group levels
Prioritizing contextual influences
136
What is the purpose of the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
To identify mental illness based on facial recognition
To measure personality based on the "Big Five" traits
To evaluate an individual's moral and ethical decisions
To provide insight into a individual's unconscious mind
137
Which of the following is NOT a category of mental health indicators?
physical
behavioural
cognitive
financial
