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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
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1
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
defense mechanisms
offense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
2
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
subliminal threshold
absolute threshold
sensory memory
just noticeable difference
3
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
selection
shaping
4
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender behaviors
gender roles
gender stereotypes
5
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
transduction capacity
transduction incapacity
6
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
7
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
reticular formation
cerebellum
limbic system
brainstem
8
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
display rules
the law of cognitive dissonance
9
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
observational learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
reinforcement
10
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
conformity
deindividuation
social loafing
11
What is cognitive dissonance?
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
12
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
location of injury
spinal cord
thalamus
cortex
13
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
iris
vitreous humor
cornea
lens
14
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
musical
mechanical
logical-mathemathical
spatial
15
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
16
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
fluid
crystallized
procedural
episodic
17
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
light
salivation
food/meat powder
18
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
content validity
19
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
gonads
pituitary
thyroid
20
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
21
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
exposure to light
22
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an internal attribution
a distinctive attribution
a situational attribution
an external attribution
23
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
short-term
sensory
intermediate-term
24
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
conditioned emotional reactions
25
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
26
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
functionalism
behaviorism
neodynamism
27
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
feeding
memory
28
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
pitch
loudness
timbre
29
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
perception
sensation
attention
processing
30
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
basis for performing pro-social behavior
halo effect in aggression
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
31
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
change
pressure
conflict
frustration
32
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
33
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
limbic system
reticular formation
34
What is somnambulism?
sleep-walking
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
difficulty remaining asleep
35
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
the internal state causes the facial expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
36
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
37
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
abstract operations
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
physical interaction
38
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
social scripts
parental investments
investment differentiations
display rules
39
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
40
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
olfactory cilia
41
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
neurotransmitters
agonists
antagonists
action potentials
42
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
43
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
fill-feed
tree-bird
car-nose
44
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
hallucinations
obsessions
delusions
illusions
45
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
mood
schizophrenic
anxiety
personality
46
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
pathogens
prenatals
teratogens
opiates
47
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
recognition
reiteration
relearning
48
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
cross-sectional
time of testing
longitundinal
49
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has two different psychological disorders
has trouble getting along with people
experiences mild manic states
50
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
representativeness
accuracy of inference
consistency
predictability
51
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
happiness
surprise
fear
52
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
phonemic
platonic
mnemonic
53
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
attitude is to action
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
54
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
reversibility
centration
egocentrism
conservation
55
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
questionnaires
direct observation
psychological tests
physiological recordings
56
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
instinct theory
incentive theory
drive theory
evolutionary theory
57
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
job discrimination experienced by the residents
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
crowded living conditions
58
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
sebaceous gland
pituitary gland
pancreas
thyroid gland
59
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
60
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring dissent from group members
61
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
behavioral quality
attachment
temperament
personality
62
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
not really been asleep
not been dreaming
been dreaming
63
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
64
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a clinical psychologist
65
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
Cannon's area
Sperry's area
66
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
the conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable
67
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the conscious aspect of personality
the moral component of personality
68
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
initiative vs. guilt
trust vs. mistrust
industry vs. inferiority
69
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
manipulative behavior
social charm
excessive guilt
aggressiveness
70
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
observational learning
operant conditioning
punishment
71
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
perception
hypnosis
sensation
72
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
acetylcholine
serotonin
dopamine
endorphin
73
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
a variety of environmental factors
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
74
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex
medulla
occipital cortex
75
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the observational group
the experimental group
the control group
76
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
classical conditioning
latent learning
insight learning
operant conditioning
77
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
Rene Decartes
William James
78
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
suppression
repression
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
79
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
delta
gamma
alpha
beta
80
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
81
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
ESB
lesioning
stereotaxic inversion
tumor ligation
82
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
syntax
morphemes
linguistic heuristics
83
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
84
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
marijuana
cocaine
heroin
mescaline
85
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
activation-synthesis theory
wish fulfillment theory
86
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
electrographic tomography
87
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
fixation
regression
displacement
compensation
88
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the cephalocaudal trend
the proximodistal trend
the cephalopedal trend
89
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
90
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
psychoanalytic
cognitive
humanistic
91
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
content
criterion-related
construct
absolute
92
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
fugue
93
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
intelligence
reasoning
creativity
94
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
95
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
medulla
hypothalamus
96
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
observational learning
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
97
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
marital problems
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
anxiety disorders
98
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
encoded
ablated
retrieved
modeled
99
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
conformity
obedience
100
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
101
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
102
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
bottom-up processing
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
103
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
104
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold information for a lifetime
put information into long-term memory
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
105
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological instability
physiological instability
physiological stability
psychological stability
106
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a behavior rating
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
a projective test
107
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 1
stage 4
stage 2
REM
108
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
dissociative
unipolar
bipolar
109
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
110
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in agreeableness
low in openness
low in extraversion
high in neuroticism
111
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
semantic slanting
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
112
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
oval window
temporal lobe
stirrup
113
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
irrational thoughts
the conscious
the unconscious
maladaptive behaviors
114
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
a compulsion
an obsession
a delusion
115
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
sensory memories
episodic memories
116
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
fear reaction
rat
loud noise
117
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
individualism
attributionism
collectivism
functionalism
118
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
unrealistic demands from family/friends
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
119
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
light purity
saturation
color
brightness
120
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a potential score
mental age
IQ
a percentile score
121
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the brain
the unconscious
conscious experience
behavior
122
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scales
test norms
test levels
test scores
123
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
stereotypes
self-serving bias
attributions
124
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
125
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
latency
oral
anal
126
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
127
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
intelligence
introspection
cognition
128
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
sympathetic nerves
efferent nerves
autonomic nerves
afferent nerves
129
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a just noticeable difference
a false alarm
a superimposed stimulus
130
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
he always gets in fights
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
131
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
132
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
a personality test
133
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
an amphetamine
a hallucinogen
a narcotic
134
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
chunk
semantic network
schema
script
135
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mean
median
midpoint
mode
136
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
observational learning
state-dependent learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
137
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
post-conventional moral reasoning
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
138
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
thalamus
139
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
stereotypes
cultural direction
cognitive structuring
schematizing
140
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
aversion therapy
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
systematic desensitization
141
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
correlation coefficients
percentiles
means
142
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
concrete
preconventional
conventional
postconventional
143
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
sedatives
alcohol
narcotics
144
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
closure
symmetry
similiarity
constancy
145
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
positive reinforcement
escape learning
an unconditioned response
146
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
secure-avoidant
shared inhibition
attachment probing
147
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
sing a song
print letters
fear the dark
148
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
give cookie
i wanted a cookie
cookie
I eated a cookie
149
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
150
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
extinction
unconditioning
