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Chapter 1 Test
Chapter 1 Test
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1
What is the basic compound of nitrogen and hydrogen that enters the soil through decayed plants and animals?
phosphate
nitrate
ammonia
potash
2
What is a model design called?
constraint
prototype
date
experiment
3
In an if/then statement, what is the "then" part called?
proposition
antecedent
inference
consequent
4
What does potassium do for a plant?
stimulate growth
aid energy transfer
enable fruit ripining
promote general health
5
What primary plant food element is essential for cell division, growth, and plant maturation?
phosphorus
potassium
nitrogen
phosphate
6
What type of reasoning are hypotheses made from?
inductive
logical
deductive
intuitive
7
Which bacteria returns nitrogen to the atmosphere?
nitrogen fixing
nitrogen producing
denitrifying
nitrifying
8
What factor is changed when testing a hypothesis?
dependent variable
experimental variable
independent variable
controlled variable
9
What soil layer contains more mineral material and less organic material?
topsoil
subsoil
horizon
bedrock
10
What are the characteristics a design must have called?
problem
criteria
constraints
prototype
11
What soil matter has the smallest and most tightly packed particles?
humus
sand
clay
silt
12
What type of soil allows the most air and water into itself?
silty
clayey
gravelly
sandy
13
What do logicians call a statement of fact that can be used to make a conclusion?
proposition
hypthesis
consequent
antecedent
14
What are the three basic soil substances that plants need to live called?
primary plant food elements
primary food sources
secondary plant food elements
elements of plant food
15
What is soil 5 - 15 centimeters from the surface called?
bedrock
topsoil
subsoil
horizon
16
Capillarity is movement from the topsoil to bedrock.
False
True
17
What scale measures the degree of acidity or basicity of a substance?
pH scale
Hp scale
vY scale
Vy scale
18
In what type of soil do plants grow best?
highly acidic
highly basic
neutral or slightly basic
neutral or slightly acidic
19
A Munsell chart shows different colors of the sky.
True
False
20
Which component of the scientific method involves gathering data in an orderly way?
observing
experimenting
hypothesizing
theorizing
21
What is the name for nourishing substances?
water
nutriants
food
fertilizer
22
What is the process of speculating about objects or events of nature and formulating a sensible explanation?
observing
experimenting
hypothesizing
theorizing
23
What term describes the following sentence: "If a vehicle is an airplane, then it has wings" ?
antecedent
inference
consequent
hypothetical proposition
24
What is the layer of either porous rock or gravel soil that holds water?
aquifer
groundwater
artesian
water table
25
Why is logic needed in science?
writing data tables
analyzing experiments
observing organisms
studying the natural world
26
What is water below the soil's surface?
groundwater
water table
artesian
aquifer
27
In the engineering design process, what step comes after researching and developing possible solutions?
determining the criteria and constraints
analyzing the prototype and improving it
building and testing a prototype
choosing a design and making a plan
28
The form of inductive reasoning comparing two situations that are the same except for one factor is method of differnce.
True
False
29
What is the terms for the factors that remain the same throughout an experiment?
dependent variable
controlled variable
independent variable
experimental variable
30
A model provides a partial representation of something else.
False
True
31
What is the substance of the physical world?
element
energy
matter
humus
32
Why can a scientific idea never be proven beyond all doubt?
deductive and inductive reasoning
ideas may be incorrect
man's understanding is limited
differences beyond the factors studied
33
Which of following affects soil color?
degree of acidity
amount of organic material
size of pore space
percentage of sand
34
Which is a logic error fallacy?
deduction theory
post hoc
double experimentation
data transfer
35
What is the surface of the water under the ground?
groundwater
aquifer
artesian
water table
36
What is the ultimate purpose of inductive reasoning?
to identify important differences
to make predictions
to develop specific conclusions
to determine cause and effect
37
What is the study of matter?
mineralogy
weathering
pedology
science
38
What is the ability of bedrock to inhibit water from passing through?
capillary
saturated
impermeable
impenetrable
39
What is a way of explaining by using facts determined by experiments?
data
theory
observation
hypothesis
40
What is the reasoning from specific evidence to general conclusions?
hypothetical
inductive
observational
deductive
41
What is the use of science to solve practical problems?
mathematics
chemistry
technology
botany
