The function of sensory memory is to...

hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer

The superego is Freud's term for...

the moral component of personality

Negative reinforcement involves...

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

blocks the action of neurotransmitters

A perceptual set implies that...

people often see what they expect to see

In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...

were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger

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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review

146 termsStudBud Administration102 plays

A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 146

Answers

1
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
physiological recordings
questionnaires
psychological tests
direct observation
2
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
encoded
modeled
retrieved
3
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
activation-synthesis theory
problem-solving theory
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
4
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
abstract operations
physical interaction
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
5
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
sing a song
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
6
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
seeing a flash of light
hearing a sound
7
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
William James
Wilhelm Wundt
Rene Decartes
G. Stanley Hall
8
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
avoidance learning
an unconditioned response
escape learning
9
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the brain
the unconscious
behavior
conscious experience
10
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
11
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
thalamus
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
12
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
neurogenic amnesia
repression
suppression
avoidance
13
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
14
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
the proximodistal trend
encephalitis
the cephalocaudal trend
15
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a deceptive test
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
16
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
spontaneous recovery
17
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves
18
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
trust vs. mistrust
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
19
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
narcotics
cannabis
alcohol
sedatives
20
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
21
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender behaviors
gender roles
gender stereotypes
22
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
deindividuation
group polarization
conformity
social loafing
23
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
observational learning
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
classical conditioning
24
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the moral component of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the conscious aspect of personality
25
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
fixation
regression
compensation
displacement
26
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
correlation coefficients
percentiles
means
standard deviation
27
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
a delusion
an obsession
a phobia
28
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
29
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
heroin
marijuana
mescaline
cocaine
30
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
social scripts
parental investments
display rules
investment differentiations
31
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
reticular formation
limbic system
32
Which technique uses radioactive glucose to study brain functioning?
positron emission tomography
computerized tomography
EEG
magnetic resonance imaging
33
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
34
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
perception
sensation
attention
35
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-walking
sleep-talking
36
An antagonist...
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
37
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
classical conditioning
insight learning
latent learning
operant conditioning
38
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
39
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
insomnia
40
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
pitch
loudness
decibels
41
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
thyroid
pituitary
gonads
42
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
43
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
absolute
criterion-related
construct
content
44
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
delusions
hallucinations
illusions
45
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
46
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
reasoning
creativity
insight
intelligence
47
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the control group
the experimental group
the observational group
48
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an aptitude test
an achievement test
a personality test
an intelligence test
49
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
spatial
mechanical
musical
50
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
sensory memory
subliminal threshold
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
51
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
concrete
preconventional
conventional
postconventional
52
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
time of testing
sequential
cross-sectional
longitundinal
53
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
content validity
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
54
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
linguistic heuristics
morphemes
phonemes
syntax
55
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
light purity
brightness
color
saturation
56
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
a self-serving attribution
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
57
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
attributionism
functionalism
collectivism
individualism
58
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not been dreaming
a headache
been dreaming
not really been asleep
59
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
the semantic level of encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
60
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
an amphetamine
a hallucinogen
a narcotic
a sedative
61
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
62
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
semantic slanting
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
overextension
63
What is cognitive dissonance?
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
64
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
65
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
the personal qualities of the residents
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
66
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a developmental psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a social psychologist
a clinical psychologist
67
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
sex
memory
the endocrine system
eating
68
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time alseep
exposure to light
amount of time awake
cultural practices
69
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
brainstem
reticular formation
cerebellum
limbic system
70
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
gamma
alpha
delta
beta
71
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
IQ
mental age
a potential score
a percentile score
72
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
73
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
conformity
groupthink
obedience
cognitive dissonance
74
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
75
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
76
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
serotonin
acetylcholine
endorphin
dopamine
77
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
attributions
self-serving bias
stereotypes
78
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
evolutionary theory
instinct theory
incentive theory
79
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
hypnosis
perception
sensation
80
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
censoring dissent from group members
81
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
pathogens
prenatals
opiates
teratogens
82
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
stimulus discrimination
shaping
step-wise conditioning
selection
83
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
84
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
medulla
85
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
lateral processing
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
86
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
accuracy of inference
representativeness
consistency
predictability
87
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
reversibility
conservation
egocentrism
centration
88
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
basis for performing pro-social behavior
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
89
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
give cookie
cookie
i wanted a cookie
90
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in extraversion
low in openness
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
91
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
92
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
fear reaction
loud noise
rabbit
rat
93
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
superstitious behavior
classical conditioning
observational learning
94
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
95
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
psychoanalytic
cognitive
behavioral
humanistic
96
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
platonic
phonemic
mnemonic
97
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia
98
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
fugue
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
conversion disorder
99
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
marital problems
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
100
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
chunk
schema
semantic network
script
101
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
latency
anal
oral
102
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
103
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
104
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 2
stage 1
stage 4
REM
105
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
social charm
aggressiveness
manipulative behavior
106
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
independently of autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
107
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the principle of collectivism
display rules
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
108
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
crystallized
fluid
procedural
109
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
closure
similiarity
constancy
symmetry
110
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
personality
anxiety
mood
schizophrenic
111
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
surprise
happiness
fear
112
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
observational learning
reinforcement
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
113
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
114
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
agonists
antagonists
action potentials
neurotransmitters
115
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
unipolar
cyclical
bipolar
116
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
117
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scales
test norms
test scores
test levels
118
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
attachment
temperament
behavioral quality
119
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
mentalism
cognition
intelligence
120
Anhedonia is when a person...
has trouble getting along with people
has two different psychological disorders
experiences mild manic states
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
121
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
short-term
sensory
intermediate-term
long-term
122
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
psychological instability
physiological stability
physiological instability
123
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
124
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
unconditioning
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
125
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
126
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial storage
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
complete retrieval failure
127
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cultural direction
cognitive structuring
schematizing
stereotypes
128
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
secure-avoidant
shared inhibition
attachment probing
strange situation
129
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the availability heuristic
130
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
relearning
recognition
reiteration
131
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
132
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Sperry's area
Broca's area
Cannon's area
Wernicke's area
133
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he always gets in fights
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
134
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
a variety of environmental factors
genetic influences on IQ
135
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
irrational thoughts
maladaptive behaviors
the conscious
the unconscious
136
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
iris
lens
vitreous humor
137
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
138
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
light
food/meat powder
salivation
139
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
fill-feed
tree-bird
car-nose
140
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
oval window
stirrup
temporal lobe
141
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pancreas
sebaceous gland
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
142
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
143
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
punishment
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
144
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
pressure
conflict
frustration
change
145
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
occipital cortex
medulla
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
146
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
cortex
spinal cord
location of injury
thalamus

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