The function of sensory memory is to...

hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer

When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..

are using the availability heuristic

Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...

assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect

Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...

an intermittent reinforcement schedule

The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..

the personal qualities of the residents

studbud

AP Exam Review

150 termsStudBud Administration32 plays

A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

Flashcards150 cardsFPractice quizPHost liveL

Questions 150

Answers

1
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
2
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
parietal lobe
thalamus
corpus callosum
3
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
procedural
crystallized
episodic
fluid
4
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
5
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
sympathetic nerves
efferent nerves
autonomic nerves
afferent nerves
6
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
delta
alpha
gamma
beta
7
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
loudness
timbre
pitch
8
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
reiteration
recognition
relearning
9
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
William James
10
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
bipolar
unipolar
dissociative
cyclical
11
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
sensory memory
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
12
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
musical
logical-mathemathical
mechanical
spatial
13
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a behavior rating
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
14
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
problem-solving theory
None of the Above
activation-synthesis theory
wish fulfillment theory
15
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
display rules
the principle of collectivism
16
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
social charm
excessive guilt
aggressiveness
manipulative behavior
17
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
smell buds
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
18
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
pathogens
prenatals
opiates
19
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
accuracy of inference
representativeness
predictability
consistency
20
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
21
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
22
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the brain
behavior
the unconscious
conscious experience
23
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
conformity
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
obedience
24
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
25
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the cephalocaudal trend
the proximodistal trend
the cephalopedal trend
26
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
operant conditioning
punishment
classical conditioning
27
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
low in extraversion
28
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
delusions
obsessions
illusions
hallucinations
29
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
ESB
tumor ligation
lesioning
stereotaxic inversion
30
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a potential score
a percentile score
mental age
IQ
31
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
suppression
repression
32
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
occipital cortex
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
33
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
after autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
34
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
humanistic
psychoanalytic
behavioral
cognitive
35
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
fixation
compensation
regression
36
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
37
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological stability
psychological instability
psychological stability
physiological instability
38
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
avoidance therapy
aversion therapy
psychotherapy
systematic desensitization
39
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
pseudoinsomnia
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
insomnia
40
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
reasoning
insight
intelligence
41
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
preconventional
postconventional
conventional
concrete
42
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
intelligence
mentalism
cognition
introspection
43
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
individualism
attributionism
functionalism
collectivism
44
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
poor police protection
crowded living conditions
45
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial storage
partial retrieval
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
46
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
47
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
48
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
stirrup
temporal lobe
oval window
49
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
electrographic tomography
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
50
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
memory
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
51
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
perception
attention
sensation
processing
52
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
cookie
I eated a cookie
give cookie
i wanted a cookie
53
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
fear
surprise
sadness
happiness
54
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
oral
latency
anal
genital
55
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus generalization
56
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
seeing a flash of light
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
hearing a sound
57
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
58
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
59
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
cultural direction
stereotypes
schematizing
60
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
content validity
standardized validity
predictive validity
criterion-related validity
61
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
maladaptive behaviors
irrational thoughts
the conscious
the unconscious
62
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
63
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
serotonin
dopamine
acetylcholine
64
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
the conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable
65
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
superstitious behavior
classical conditioning
observational learning
66
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a social psychologist
67
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
change
pressure
conflict
frustration
68
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
semantic slanting
fast-mapping
metalinguistic awareness
overextension
69
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
gonads
thalamus
thyroid
pituitary
70
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
food/meat powder
tone
light
71
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
exposure to light
72
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
shaping
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
73
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
percentiles
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
74
Anhedonia is when a person...
experiences mild manic states
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has two different psychological disorders
has trouble getting along with people
75
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
modeled
ablated
retrieved
encoded
76
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
77
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the observational group
the control group
the experimental group
78
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scales
test scores
test levels
test norms
79
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
consciousness
perception
sensation
80
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
mescaline
marijuana
heroin
81
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
anxiety
schizophrenic
mood
personality
82
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
alcohol
sedatives
narcotics
83
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
an amphetamine
a hallucinogen
a narcotic
84
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
tree-bird
boat-goat
fill-feed
car-nose
85
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an intelligence test
a personality test
an achievement test
an aptitude test
86
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
content
construct
criterion-related
absolute
87
What is cognitive dissonance?
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
88
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
89
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
stage 1
REM
stage 2
90
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
personality; standardized
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; personality
intelligence; standardized
91
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
functionalism
neodynamism
behaviorism
psychoanalysis
92
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
schema
semantic network
chunk
script
93
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
leftbrain/right brain communication
limbic system
reticular formation
94
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender roles
gender behaviors
gender differences
95
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
an obsession
a compulsion
a phobia
a delusion
96
A perceptual set implies that...
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
97
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
bottom-up processing
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
98
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring dissent from group members
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
99
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
fugue
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
conversion disorder
100
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
id mechanisms
defense mechanisms
offense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
101
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
reinforcement
observational learning
102
A valid test is one that...
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
is consistent
measures what it is supposed to measure
103
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
a variety of environmental factors
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
group differences in basic intelligence
104
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
105
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
been dreaming
106
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
location of injury
cortex
spinal cord
thalamus
107
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-walking
108
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
total loss of personal control
hallucinations
109
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a false alarm
subliminal perception
a just noticeable difference
a superimposed stimulus
110
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
111
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
latent learning
classical conditioning
insight learning
112
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
corpus callosum
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
113
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
brightness
color
saturation
light purity
114
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting irrelevant information
presenting only part of the information required
115
The superego is Freud's term for...
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the moral component of personality
the conscious aspect of personality
116
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
a contravened stereotype
117
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
parental investments
display rules
social scripts
investment differentiations
118
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
119
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
physiological recordings
direct observation
questionnaires
psychological tests
120
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Cannon's area
Broca's area
Sperry's area
Wernicke's area
121
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
self-serving bias
attributions
stereotypes
122
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
attention encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
the semantic level of encoding
123
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
short-term
intermediate-term
sensory
long-term
124
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
remain in continuous sleep
remain in continuous wakefulness
125
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
cross-sectional
time of testing
sequential
126
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
reversibility
egocentrism
conservation
centration
127
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
platonic
phonemic
morphemic
128
An antagonist...
extends the absolute refractory period
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
129
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
median
midpoint
mode
mean
130
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
the internal state causes the facial expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
131
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
loud noise
rat
fear reaction
132
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
incentive theory
evolutionary theory
drive theory
instinct theory
133
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
anxiety disorders
marital problems
bipolar disorder
134
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
temperament
behavioral quality
attachment
135
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
group polarization
deindividuation
conformity
136
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
abstract operations
physical interaction
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
137
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an external attribution
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
a distinctive attribution
138
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
closure
constancy
symmetry
139
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
neurotransmitters
agonists
antagonists
140
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
iris
lens
cornea
vitreous humor
141
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
sing a song
142
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
an unconditioned response
escape learning
avoidance learning
positive reinforcement
143
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
conditioned forgetting
extinction
spontaneous remission
unconditioning
144
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
syntax
145
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
reticular formation
brainstem
cerebellum
146
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
147
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
sebaceous gland
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
pancreas
148
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
149
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
150
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud