Which of the following best fits the definition of a volume crime?

A low-level offence that occurs frequently, like burglary or theft

In Foucault’s model, how is disciplinary power exerted?

Through constant surveillance and the internalisation of control

Why is hegemonic masculinity significant in understanding male offending?

It associates male identity with control, violence, and dominance

What does 'secondary victimisation' refer to?

More trauma caused by the response of institutions like police or courts

What is a psychological impact commonly associated with fear of crime?

Withdrawal from public life and heightened anxiety

According to Durkheim, what is the main function of crime to society

It reinforces shared norms by defining boundaries of acceptable behaviour

What is the most significant methodological weakness of official crime statistics?

They exclude the 'dark figure' of unreported crime

Preference for sensationalised, unexpected, or rare crimes

Which factor contributes most significantly to repeat victimisation?

Prior victim status and vulnerability

What did Gilroy mean when he claimed black criminality was a "myth"?

Black criminality is socially constructed and politically motivated

According to Marxist criminology, how does punishment uphold capitalist society?

By targeting the working class and legitimising the power of the elite

Which statement reflects the principle of positive victimology?

Groups are statistically more likely to be victimised due to patterns

How does labelling theory interpret media portrayals of crime?

As constructions that can stigmatise and lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy

What is the core idea behind a ‘moral panic’?

Media exaggeration causing disproportionate fear and policy reaction

What type of intervention would a left realist most likely support?

Investment in youth services to address social deprivation

What is the purpose of retribution in sentencing?

To punish proportionally based on the severity of the offence

Which idea underpins the right realist explanation of criminal behaviour through rational choice?

Crime is a calculated act based on weighing risks and rewards

Which tool is specifically used to estimate the extent of both reported and unreported victimisation?

Crime Survey for England and Wales

Why do right realists endorse situational crime prevention?

It reduces opportunities to offend by altering the immediate environment

What does Merton’s strain theory identify as a cause of crime?

Conflict between societal goals and legitimate means.

What did Shaw and McKay’s 'zone of transition' highlight?

More crime in areas with social disorganisation and population turnover

Why is reform particularly central to youth justice systems?

Reflects that young people are more receptive to change and development

What does Durkheim mean by ‘restitutive justice’?

Punishment that emphasises compensation and restoring equilibrium

Why is 'detention at Her Majesty’s Pleasure' significant in youth justice?

It imposes an indeterminate sentence for the most serious crimes

What distinguishes critical victimology from other approaches?

Its claim that victimisation results from powerlessness and state neglect

Which sentencing outcome is most aligned with restorative practices

Community order with rehabilitative conditions

Which process best explains deviancy amplification?

Media and society reaction magnifying the problem, leading to more deviance

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UNIT 5 REVISION

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Questions 28

Answers

1
Which of the following best fits the definition of a volume crime?
A crime involving multiple victims across borders
A white-collar crime with high financial impact
A low-level offence that occurs frequently, like burglary or theft
A serious, headline-grabbing offence such as murder
2
In Foucault’s model, how is disciplinary power exerted?
Via restorative justice circles
By the state’s visible use of force
Through collective punishment and religious teachings
Through constant surveillance and the internalisation of control
3
Why is hegemonic masculinity significant in understanding male offending?
It associates male identity with control, violence, and dominance
It encourages men to withdraw from competitive environments
It represents the loss of patriarchal power
It promotes empathy and emotional intelligence
4
What does 'secondary victimisation' refer to?
More trauma caused by the response of institutions like police or courts
Harm caused by the criminal act itself
Victimisation occurring during childhood
Retaliatory action by the victim
5
What is a psychological impact commonly associated with fear of crime?
Withdrawal from public life and heightened anxiety
Improved neighbourhood communication
Increased social trust
Heightened engagement with civic duties
6
According to Durkheim, what is the main function of crime to society
It provides employment opportunities
It reinforces shared norms by defining boundaries of acceptable behaviour
It reduces the burden on the welfare system
It diverts attention from social injustice
7
What is the most significant methodological weakness of official crime statistics?
They rely on offender interviews
They exclude the 'dark figure' of unreported crime
They conflate criminal and civil law
They are influenced by media reports
8
What is News Value
Increased coverage of ongoing court cases
Preference for sensationalised, unexpected, or rare crimes
Journalistic bias toward political scandals
Repetition of well-known crime trends
9
Which factor contributes most significantly to repeat victimisation?
Media exposure
Prior victim status and vulnerability
Access to online platforms
Type of housing tenure
10
What did Gilroy mean when he claimed black criminality was a "myth"?
Crime statistics ignore black offenders entirely
Black criminality is socially constructed and politically motivated
Black communities do not engage in any criminal activity
Institutional racism makes police ignore black suspects
11
According to Marxist criminology, how does punishment uphold capitalist society?
Through democratic jury processes
By promoting re-socialisation of offenders
By targeting the working class and legitimising the power of the elite
Through equitable application of legal codes
12
Which statement reflects the principle of positive victimology?
Victimisation cannot be predicted
The victim’s experience is irrelevant to crime outcomes
Victimisation is always a result of structural oppression
Groups are statistically more likely to be victimised due to patterns
13
How does labelling theory interpret media portrayals of crime?
As tools to encourage law reform
As objective reflections of criminal reality
As constructions that can stigmatise and lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy
As neutral frameworks for understanding crime
14
What is the core idea behind a ‘moral panic’?
Media exaggeration causing disproportionate fear and policy reaction
Political unrest resulting from legal reform
A sudden drop in crime perception
The public’s rational response to threat
15
What type of intervention would a left realist most likely support?
Removal of CCTV to promote trust
Investment in youth services to address social deprivation
Expansion of private prisons
Stop and search policies
16
What is the purpose of retribution in sentencing?
To repair damage to the victim
To deter by increasing public fear
To punish proportionally based on the severity of the offence
To facilitate offender rehabilitation
17
Which idea underpins the right realist explanation of criminal behaviour through rational choice?
Offending is an emotional response to exclusion
Criminal behaviour stems from unconscious drives
Crime is a calculated act based on weighing risks and rewards
Criminals are motivated by subcultural values
18
Which tool is specifically used to estimate the extent of both reported and unreported victimisation?
Crime Survey for England and Wales
Police Recorded Crime Tracker
Judicial Sentencing Audit
Annual Crime Sentencing Review
19
Why do right realists endorse situational crime prevention?
It increases judicial discretion
It focuses on long-term community transformation
It shifts blame away from offenders
It reduces opportunities to offend by altering the immediate environment
20
What does Merton’s strain theory identify as a cause of crime?
Conflict between formal and informal social controls
Disparity between police presence and population density
Gaps in legal literacy among marginalised communities
Conflict between societal goals and legitimate means.
21
What did Shaw and McKay’s 'zone of transition' highlight?
Police corruption in inner-city areas
A correlation between cultural capital and violence
More crime in areas with social disorganisation and population turnover
The failure of prison rehabilitation programs
22
Why is reform particularly central to youth justice systems?
Reflects that young people are more receptive to change and development
It aligns with public demand for harsher penalties
It enables police to gather data
It ensures offenders face longer sentences
23
Which type of offence allows both magistrates and Crown Court trial, depending on the circumstances?
Absolute offence
Summary offence
Regulatory offence
Triable either way offence
24
What does Durkheim mean by ‘restitutive justice’?
Punishment that emphasises compensation and restoring equilibrium
A legal model based solely on incapacitation
The infliction of harm equal to the original offence
Reintegrating offenders into religious institutions
25
Why is 'detention at Her Majesty’s Pleasure' significant in youth justice?
It is exclusively used in cases of persistent theft
It imposes an indeterminate sentence for the most serious crimes
It reflects the state's desire to fully reintegrate young offenders
It allows juveniles to appeal directly to the monarch
26
What distinguishes critical victimology from other approaches?
Its claim that victimisation results from powerlessness and state neglect
Its focus on individual lifestyle risk factors
Its support for victim-led sentencing
Its emphasis on empirical data from police records
27
Which sentencing outcome is most aligned with restorative practices
Whole life order
Community order with rehabilitative conditions
Indeterminate sentence
Fixed-term imprisonment
28
Which process best explains deviancy amplification?
Legal leniency leading to more crime
Media and society reaction magnifying the problem, leading to more deviance
Economic hardship reducing deterrents
Increased criminal activity due to social media challenges

UNIT 5 REVISION Flashcards | StudBud