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Psych 110
Psych 110
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1
Is the lifespan perspective a comprehensive approach to studying human development?
False
True
2
Emerging adulthood
the time from age 18-30
The time from age 18 up
the time from age 18-29
he time from age 21-30
3
How can age grades promote intergenerational relationships?
By limiting interactions between different age groups
By creating barriers between age groups
By encouraging communication and understanding between generations
By focusing solely on age-related differences
4
Goals of Study
Description of Human development
Goals and Uses of studying development
describing and predicting human development
Optimization of human development
5
Is classical conditioning a learning theory?
True
False
6
How many stages are there in human development?
10
7
5
8
7
Development research designs. Choose all the correct answers.
Sequential design
Interior Design
Longitudinal design
Cross- Sectional design
8
A theory is a specific prediction generated by a hypothesis
True
False
9
Is the term 'egocentrism' associated with Piaget's theory?
True
False
10
What is the term for the study of human development from birth to old age?
Adulthood research
Elderly studies
Childhood studies
Lifespan development
11
If all you know is that men commit more violent crimes than women, you can most accurately conclude that...
women elicit violent behavior in men.
difference in the level of behavior exists
Causes being hereditary and environmental factors
genes alone cause agression
12
Negative reinforcement
something pleasant added in an attempt to strengthen behavior
something unpleasant taken in an attempt to strengthen behavior
something removed
Something added
13
Who is known for introducing the concept of epigenetic psychobiology?
B.F. Skinner
John Watson
Jean Piaget
Gilbert Gottlieb
14
Cross-sectional designs...
The best of both worlds
Studies same group (cohort) measured repeatedly
Time of measurement effects-historical events and trends
Study different age groups (cohorts) measured at the same time
15
Classical conditioning was discovered by...
Friedrich and Stein
Charles Darwin
Erik Erikson
Ivan Pavlov
16
Development involves systematic continuities and changes from conception to death in three domains
False
True
17
Who is known for his theory of cognitive development in children?
Jean Piaget
Albert Bandura
Sigmund Freud
Lev Vygotsky
18
Studies same group (cohort) measured repeatedly.
Longitudinal design
Correctional design
Sequential design
Cross-sectional design
19
In a psychological experiment, a researcher always
tests the entire population
Manipulates aspects of the environment and measures the effect on behavior
uses a control group
Randomly assigns participants to a minimum of three different instances
20
What role do age grades play in traditional societies?
They have no significance
They lead to generational conflicts
They help maintain social order and continuity
They only focus on individual achievements
21
What age is typically considered the end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood?
18
25
16
21
22
What is the term used to describe the immediate environment in Bronfenbrenner's model?
Microsystem
county system
ecosystem
social systems
23
The dependent variable is the variable expected to be affected.
False
True
24
What is the first stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory?
Industry vs. Inferiority
Initiative vs. Guilt
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame
25
How many stages are there in Erikson's psychosocial theory?
5
8
6
7
26
Who introduced the concept of reinforcement in learning theory?
Ivan Pavlov
Albert Bandura
Jean Piaget
B.F. Skinner
27
Plasticity is the brain's capacity to change
True
False
28
What is the term for the period of human development before adulthood?
infancy
Childhood
adolescence
pre-teen
29
What is the main focus of Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory?
Cognitive development
Emotional intelligence
Physical growth
Social interactions
30
Cognitive development
Changes in perception, language, learning, and memory
changes in personality, emotions
physical changes fromconception to maturity
Growth of body, physiological change
31
Rite of Passage
Jewish Bar Mitzvahs
going to the bank
Quinceanera
watering the grass
32
Lifespan Perspective
brains capacity to change in response
Focus on infancy through old age
capacity to change from positive to negative experience
development is a life-long process
33
What is the term for the culturally preferred timing of social events?
Social Clock
Age of ultron
Rite of passage
social norms
34
At what age does a human typically reach adolescence?
10-12 years old
30-35 years old
13-19 years old
20-25 years old
35
How many research methods are used to study development?
2
3
0
1
36
What is the term used to describe the stage where children start to use language to represent objects and events?
Preoperational
Sensorimotor
Concrete operational
Formal operational
37
How many goals are there in the science of lifespan development?
4
6
3
5
38
What are the historical changes for adolescence
Parents bear fewer children
period of retirement
educated workforce & schooling-adolescent viewed as distinct period of life
the time from age 18-29
39
Who is known for the theory of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Jean Piaget
Albert Bandura
40
Based on an observation at a local Fastfood restaurant, Dr.Colby predicts that more people will buy a hamburger w/cheese
Correlation
Hypothesis
Fact
Theory
41
if a participant is tricked into believing they harmed someone in a study what is the obligation of the researcher
confidentiality and informed consent
protection from harm and confidentialty
debriefing and protection from harm
informed consent and debriefing
42
Is genetics the sole factor in determining behavior?
I don't know
No
Maybe
Yes
43
Goals driving the lifespan of human development
Describing, predicting, explaining, optimizing development
structured observation
Data Collection
Physiological measures
44
What are three critical features of a true experiment. Choose all that are correct.
Manipulation of the Independent Variable
Limitations of the experimental method
Random assignment
Experimental control
45
Is age grade a system of social organization based on age?
True
False
46
Which stage of cognitive development is characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete events?
Sensorimotor
Formal operational
Preoperational
Concrete operational
47
Are genetics the only factor in shaping behavior?
False
True
48
Which stage in Erik Erikson's theory occurs during adolescence?
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Trust vs. Mistrust
49
In the 19th century scholars systematically recoded the growth and development known as their own children.
Baby Biographies
meta-analyses
Quasi-experiments
time of measurement papers
50
At what age does a human typically reach adolescence?
30-35 years old
20-25 years old
10-12 years old
13-19 years old
51
What is the term for societal expectations based on age?
Age norms
social clock
age gap
age group
52
Is development studied through observation and research?
False
True
53
What is a common method used to study development?
Cross-sectional study
Case study
Longitudinal study
Experimental study
54
by 2030 when most members of the baby boom generation will have retired adults 65 and older will rep _ of the population
30%
10%
40%
20%
55
How can intellectual development contribute to personal growth?
By isolating individuals from society
By expanding knowledge and skills
By decreasing problem-solving abilities
By limiting creativity
56
Living near a noisy airport can interfere with a child's learning how to read. This is an example of the effects of...
maturation
physical environment
gene-environment interaction
socioeconomic environment
57
What is the stage of human development between childhood and adulthood?
Middle age
Adolescence
Elderly
Infancy
58
The term____ concerns an individual's sense of the age at which he or she should experience certain events.
social clock
age grade
age stratification
age norms
59
What age is typically considered the start of adulthood in many cultures?
18
25
21
16
60
Subculture differences
Exist in age grades, age norms, and social clocks
consists of methods ofdrawing conclusions
OAPLG
Defining development
61
Which of the following is an example of 'nurture' in the nature vs nurture debate?
Language learned at home
Height
Genetic predisposition to a disease
Eye color
62
At what age does a human typically reach adulthood?
18
25
16
21
63
Which learning theorist emphasized the importance of social interactions in learning?
B.F. Skinner
Jean Piaget
Albert Bandura
Ivan Pavlov
64
What term describes the capacity to change and adapt positively in response to challenging circumstances?
Flexibility
Rigidity
Stagnation
Resilience
65
Historical changes of old age
in the 20th century our society define old age as a period of retirement.
brought on wrinkles and Alzheimer's
recognized as a seperate period in the late 19th and 20th century.
old age marked the death of the control of the bladder.
66
Historically, when were Children (6 yrs old) expected to grow up as fast as possible
Western society
Middle Age
Medieval Times
late 19th early 20th century
67
What is the term for the period of human development between infancy and adolescence?
Teenage years
Elderly stage
Childhood
Adulthood
68
Aging is most accurately defined as involving ____ in the maturing organism.
Only positive changes
neither positive nor negative change
Only negative changes
Both negative and positive changes
69
Is correlation method used to study relationships between variables?
False
True
70
The APA and the Society for Research on Child Development guidelines for ethics in research stipulate...
debriefing participants
Testing participants using multiple measures
Informed consent
The avoidance of physical and psychological harm
71
Neo-Freudians
Adler
Erik Erikson
Jung
Freud
72
Maturation is best defined as....
The physical gains, changes, and losses across the lifespan
The effects of experience on thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
Any physical changes that occur from conception to maturity
The biological unfolding of genetic potential.
73
What are some positive changes that can occur with aging?
Decreased physical strength
Isolation
Increased wisdom
Loss of memory
74
Do humans have a predetermined lifespan?
True
False
75
_____ Aging involves the deterioration of an organism that eventually results in death.
Cognitive
Psychosocial
Biological
Behavioral
76
Who is known as the father of psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Erik Erikson
77
What is the term for the inherited genetic characteristics?
genes
maturation
mutation
Genetics
78
Is genetics the sole factor in determining behavior?
True
False
79
Is development a lifelong process?
False
True
80
What is the process of growth and maturation called?
Development
Stagnation
Regression
Decline
81
Who developed the bioecological model of human development?
Watson
Skinner
Bronfenbrenner
Atkins
82
Ethnocentrism is the belief that...
Race does not impact behavior
It's better to think of others as having a "deficit" than being "different"
It is easier to understand the position of people different from one's self
one's own culture is superior
83
Which of the following is an example of 'nurture' in the nature vs nurture debate?
Education
Genetic predisposition
Blood type
Eye color
84
What are the five levels of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model?
Personal, Social, Environmental, Global, Historical
Individual, Family, Community, Society, Culture
Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Institutional, Structural, Temporal
Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem
85
At what age can individuals start driving in most states in the US?
14
16
18
21
86
Punishment are consequences that decrease a future response (weaken behavior)
True
False
87
How many stages are there in Sigmund Freud's psychosexual development theory?
3
7
6
5
88
How does physical development impact overall well-being?
Limited mobility
Enhanced sleep quality
Improved immune system
Decreased energy levels
89
What plays a role in determining intelligence according to the nature vs nurture debate?
Both genetics and environment
Social media influence
Genetics only
Environment only
90
What is a positive aspect of cognitive development in children?
Improved problem-solving skills
Reduced creativity
Limited language development
Decreased curiosity
91
By 2030 when most members of the baby boom generation will have retired adults 65 and older will represent approximately
10% of the U.S. population
40% of the U.S. population
20% of the U.S. population
30% of the U.S. population
92
Which assumption of modern lifespan perspectives suggests that development involves both gains and losses?
Development is lifelong
Development is multidirectional
Development is multidimensional
Development is plastic
93
Did Sigmund Freud develop the psychoanalytic theory?
False
True
94
What is a common method used to study development?
Interviews
Observation
Surveys
Experimentation
95
Are age norms universal across all cultures?
False
True
96
Which of the following is NOT one of the seven key assumptions of modern lifespan perspectives?
Development is determined solely by genetics
Development is multidirectional
Development is lifelong
Development is multidisciplinary
97
Is operant conditioning a learning theory?
False
True
98
____Is often cited as the most influential of the baby biographers
Charles Darwin
Jean Piaget
Stanley Hall
Sigmund Freud
99
psychosocial development
changes in personality, emotions
positive and negative changes
deterioration of organism
growth of body, psysiological change
100
The fundamental question addressed by the correlation method is...
"What impact does random assignment have on psychological behavior?"
"Are two or more variables related in some systematic way?"
"Does Variable A cause variable B?"
"How is a control group influenced by the absence of an independent variabl
101
Who is known for the theory of classical conditioning?
Jean Piaget
Ivan Pavlov
Albert Bandura
B.F. Skinner
102
the independent variable is the variable that is manipulated so that its causal effects can be assessed
False
True
103
What is the term used to describe the stage where children start to use language to represent objects and events?
Sensorimotor stage
Concrete operational stage
Preoperational stage
Prelinguistic stage
104
What is the average lifespan of a human being?
50 years
100 years
75 years
80 years
105
What is a positive outcome of moral development in individuals?
Enhanced decision-making skills
Limited empathy towards others
Reduced integrity
Decreased sense of responsibility
106
What is the term for the culturally preferred timing of social events?
Chronobiology
Social clock
Circadian rhythm
Biological clock
107
In what ways do age grades impact cultural practices?
They have no influence on culture
They only affect the younger generation
They lead to isolation of different age groups
They shape roles and responsibilities within society
108
What are some negative changes that can occur with human development?
Better memory retention
Enhanced social skills
Decline in cognitive abilities
Increased knowledge
109
Which stage of cognitive development is characterized by the ability to think abstractly and reason hypothetically?
Concrete operational stage
Preoperational stage
Sensorimotor stage
Formal operational stage
110
Which learning theorist emphasized the importance of social interactions in learning?
Ivan Pavlov
Lev Vygotsky
Jean Piaget
B.F. Skinner
111
Physical development
Physical changes from conception to maturity
positive and negative changes in maturing organisms
growth of body, physiological change
changes in perception, language, learning, and memory
112
Which research method is commonly used in studying human development?
Cross-sectional studies
Longitudinal studies
Case studies
Survey research
113
Reinforcement
Something added
something removed
Consequences that strengthen a response (increase prob of future response)
consequences that decrease a future response
114
Which assumption of modern lifespan perspectives suggests that development involves both gains and losses?
Multidirectionality
Historical context
Multidimensionality
Plasticity
115
What is a common method used to study development?
Observation
Survey
Experiment
Case study
116
How can social development benefit individuals?
Limited empathy
Isolation and loneliness
Decreased conflict resolution abilities
Enhanced communication skills
117
What are some positive changes that can occur with human development?
Increased physical abilities
Less emotional intelligence
Reduced social skills
Decreased knowledge
118
What is the legal age for voting in the United States?
25
16
18
21
119
How many stages are there in human development?
6
4
3
5
120
A random sample is always smaller than the population from which it is drawn.
True
False
121
What is the term used to describe the defense mechanism where one attributes their own unacceptable feelings to others?
Rationalization
Displacement
Projection
Regression
122
Which is NOT a hallmark of a true experiment?
Control over responses on the dependent measure
Control over extraneous variables
Manipulation of an independent varible
Random assignment of participants to experimental conditions
123
At what age can individuals start collecting social security benefits in the US?
62
65
70
55
124
Th psychologist associated with the idea of emerging adulthood is...
Arnett
Burton
Cruikshank
Neugarten
125
the independent variable is the variable expected to be affected
True
False
126
experimental method
The variable expected to be affected
investigator manipulates aspects of the environment to affect the study
Assigning random participants to different experiments
vriable that is manipulated so that its causal effects can be assessed
127
Tom finds a correlation of +.81 between number of years in school and salary of first job. This would mean that
education determines whether or not someone will get a job after graduation
increases in education cause employers to offer higher salaries
The more education one has, the higher his/her starting salary might be.
the more education one has, the lower the starting salary
128
What is an age grade in society?
A ranking based on age
A measurement of physical age
A group of people with the same age
A term for elderly individuals
129
Gerontology
the study of aging and old age
growing through old age
maturing and developing to old age
focus on infancy through old age
130
Rite of passage
Relationship between age and development.
A ritual marking the passage from one status to another.
effects of being born as a member of a particular generation.
Study in which results in multiple studies is synthesized
131
Adult males who live through the Great Depression later had erratic careers and unstable marriages exemplifies...
maturation
the multidirectional nature of development
the impact of historical context on development
the baby boom generation
132
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?
Piaget
Erikson
Watson
Freud
133
How many chromosomes do humans typically have?
109
36
22
46
134
What are some negative changes that can occur with aging?
Strong social connections
Improved cognitive function
Healthy lifestyle choices
Decreased flexibility
135
Which stage of cognitive development is characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete events?
Concrete operational stage
Sensorimotor stage
Preoperational stage
Formal operational stage
136
Positive reinforcement
something unpleasant taken in an attempt to strengthen behavior
Something pleasant added in an attempt to strengthen behavior
Something removed
Something added
137
Biological aging
Deterioration of organisms
physical changes from conception to maturity
positive and negative changes in maturing organisms
growth of body and physiological change
138
At what age can individuals legally purchase alcohol in the US?
18
25
21
30
139
What is the term for the inherited genetic characteristics that influence development?
Environment
Nurture
Upbringing
Nature
140
Who is most often cited as the founder of developmental psychoogy?
G. Stanley Hall
Charles Darwin
Sigmund Freud
Jean Piaget
141
Choose any subcultural differences
multicultural families
low-income families reach adulthood milestones earlier than middle class
diverse society with respect to race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status
low-income families reach adulthood milestones earlier than upper class
142
Which assumption of modern lifespan perspectives emphasizes the role of contextual influences on development?
Historical context
Multidirectionality
Plasticity
Nature vs. Nurture
143
Aging is the positive and negative changes in maturing organisms
True
False
144
What is the term for the inherited genetic characteristics that influence development?
Traits
Skills
Genes
Habits
145
What is the term for the study of aging and older adults?
Oncology
Pediatrics
Psychology
Gerontology
146
Bronfenbrenner's model includes microsystems and macrosystems.
True
False
147
Which developmental theory emphasizes the importance of social interactions in cognitive development?
Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
148
What is the goal of studying human development?
To understand changes over time
To prevent any progress
To discourage learning
To ignore developmental milestones
149
Reba wants to examine 18-25 yr old males in the US. Because she can't include all males she selects a smaller group...
Control Group
Age grade
Sample
population
150
Making a decision whether to follow diet trends, Jillian focuses on what scientific research has to say about nutrition
This indicates that Jillian believes in engaging in ethnocentric practice.
This indicates that Jillian believes in engaging in speculative practice.
This indicates that Jillian believes in engaging in emerging practice.
This indicates that Jillian believes in engaging in evidence-based practice
151
Do humans stop growing after reaching adulthood?
True
False
152
What is the term for the study of human development from birth to old age?
Gerontology
Biology
Anthropology
Psychology
153
How many key text themes are there in the lifespan perspective?
7
6
5
2
154
What is a key aspect of emotional development in adolescents?
Decreased self-awareness
Increased emotional intelligence
Enhanced stress management
Limited mood swings
155
What is the term for the period of human development between infancy and adolescence?
Adulthood
Teenage years
Childhood
Elderly stage
156
In the nature vs nurture debate, what does 'nurture' refer to?
Inherited traits
Genetic predispositions
Biological factors
Environmental influences
157
Did Lev Vygotsky emphasize social interactions in learning?
False
True
158
What is the term for the period of human development after adulthood?
Elderly
Adolescence
Middle age
Infancy
159
How many levels are there in Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model?
6
4
10
5
160
Age effects
maturation
progressing through life in stages
Relationship between age and development
getting old
161
Which learning theorist introduced the concept of observational learning?
Jean Piaget
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Albert Bandura
162
What is a detailed examination of a single individual, group, or situation called?
Experiment
Case study
Survey
Observation
163
What is the goal of studying human aging?
To improve quality of life in older adults
To prevent all age-related changes
To ignore the aging process
To find ways to reverse aging
164
Cohort effects concern the impact of being born in one particular historical context rather than another.
False
True
165
Which developmental theory emphasizes the importance of social interactions in cognitive development?
Vygotsky's theory
Erikson's theory
Piaget's theory
Kohlberg's theory
166
The greatest advantage of the naturalistic observation method is that it...
Is easily conducted in a laboratory seting.
Can tell us what people do everyday life.
Untangles age effects from cohort effects
Readily leads to the discovery of cause-effect relationships.
167
How many key assumptions are there in modern lifespan perspectives?
8
6
4
7
168
Which stage in Erik Erikson's theory occurs during middle adulthood?
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Integrity vs. Despair
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Autonomy vs. Shame
169
Does aging only refer to physical changes?
True
False
170
A correlation of +.2 indicates a stronger relationship between two variables than would a correlation of -.9.
False
True
171
What is the term for the study of human development from birth to old age?
Anthropology
Sociology
Psychology
Developmental Psychology
172
What age is commonly associated with retirement in many countries?
70
60
50
65
173
How many stages are there in Sigmund Freud's psychosexual development theory?
5
3
6
4
174
In Erik Erikson's theory, what is the final stage of psychosocial development?
Integrity vs. Despair
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Trust vs. Mistrust
Identity vs. Role Confusion
175
In DeLoache's study the vocabulary acquisition represented the __ variable in the experiment.
dependent
confounding
independent
extraneous
176
Which type of studies always involves an in-depth examination of one specific individual or a very small number?
Longitudinal Study
Cross-Sectional Study
Case Study
Quasi-experimental study
177
What are the four goals of the science of lifespan development?
To describe
To predict
To control
To explain
178
What is the final stage of human development?
Elderly
adulthood
179
Environmental impacts include all ____ that influence our development
external genetic and social conditions
internal genetic and social conditions
external physical and social conditions
internal physical and social conditions
180
Which assumption of modern lifespan perspectives emphasizes the role of contextual influences on development?
Development is contextual
Development is multidimensional
Development is multidisciplinary
Development is plastic
181
A quinceaneara
Is a Jewish rite of passage
defines parenthood
Ipacts only males
occurs at age 15
182
Which of the following is an example of 'nature' in the nature vs nurture debate?
Parenting style
Cultural beliefs
Physical appearance
Language learned at school
183
Growth
physical changes from conception to maturity
growth of body, physiological change
positive and negative changes
positive and negative changes
184
What are some negative changes that can occur with human development?
Decreased mobility
Improved memory
Better decision-making skills
Enhanced cognitive functions
185
How can intellectual development contribute to personal growth?
Improved critical thinking skills
Limited problem-solving capacity
Enhanced memory retention
Stagnant learning abilities
186
Which part of the mind did Sigmund Freud describe as the 'unconscious' level?
Unconscious
Conscious
Subconscious
Preconscious
187
three major types of data collection. Choose all that are correct
Random Sampling
Physiological measurements
Verbal Reports
Behavioral Observations
188
How many stages are there in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
5
6
4
7
189
Which developmental theory emphasizes the importance of social interactions in cognitive development?
Psychoanalytic theory
Behavioral theory
Social learning theory
Sociocultural theory
190
Which statement best describes the basic premise of the cross-sectional research design?
Assess the same age group, 5 yr olds, at the same time/same week
Assess the same group 5 yr olds, at different times at 5, 10, and 15
Assess different age groups 5, 10, 15 yr olds at different times
Assess different age groups 5, 10, 15 yr olds at the same time/ same week
