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Why do he do that
Flashcards
161 cards
F
Practice quiz
P
Host live
L
Questions
161
Answers
1
Why do Thompson's Gazelles stot
To prevent being ambushed
To confuse the predator so it cant focus on a target
To act as an alarm so they can flee in a coordinated manner
To send the message I have seen you and I'm ready to flee
2
If a mutant small ancestral gamete meets a normal ancestral gamete and fuses will it invade?
No if survival of the smaller embryo is <50% of normal
Both
Neither
Yes if survival of the smaller embryo is >50% of normal
3
If a dove invades a system where hawk are common can it invade
If v<c
If there is only a small number of hawks
If 0>(v-c)/2
Never
4
Song birds collected more of a new caterpiller over time as...
The caterpillars begin to aggregate
The caterpiller numbers increase
They formed a search image
They realised it was palatable
5
How did charles brown discover brood parasitism
He swapped cliff swallows eggs and the mother didnt notice
His baby was replaced by a cuckoo
Marked eggs ended up in other cliff swallows nests
He genetically sequenced all nests in a colony of moorhens
6
Why do ravens yell over carcasses of large mammals
Selfish herding
Attract a carcass opener
All of the above
Overwelm defences of territory holding ravens
7
Is stotting an honest signal
Yes
No
8
What is NOT a benefit for Adelie penguin females for engaging in rock prostitution
Fertility assurance
Higher in social hierarchy
Source of stones so nest isnt flooded
Good genes
9
How do male fulmars try to ensure paternity
All of the above
By copulating over 50 times
By mate guarding
By aggresively responding to any nearby males
10
What percent of comma butterflies are predated when eyespots removed but hiss left
100%
25%
86%
50%
11
What is NOT true about Whelk choice by Northwestern Crow
They always select large whelks
They drop the whelk until it breaks
The drop them from 5m
Large whelks take more drops to crack
12
Kacelnik (1984) found that if starlings fly further from the nest they will
Be more likely to get lost
Bring back a greater varietly of species
Bring back less food for the chick
Bring back more food to the chick
13
Fill in the blanks in the table
(A) = Yes
(B) = No
(B) = Yes
(A) = No
14
Why in the 1st test on voles were they not sure whether food or mates were attracting males
Some males went for the food while some went for mates
Both males and females converged on the food
Both
Neither
15
Why do adelie penguin chicks form creches after a few weeks
Because its super cute
For defense from predatory Skuas
So both parents can go out hunting
Because their parents get sick of them
16
What percent of cooperative breeding scenarios are 'helpers at the nest'
37%
14.8%
64%
80%
17
Why do male redback spiders sommersault backward into females mouth
They are tired and ready to go
Increase mating duration (25 mins)
Means other males will be eaten before copulation
Females 67% more likely to reject a 2nd male
18
Pietrewicz & Kamil used operant conditioning in Blue Jays and their search image improved when?
Presented with many species of cryptic moth
Presented with one species of cryptic moth
Presented with two species of cryptic moth
19
In mammals male parental care is rare hence mating system depends on
Both
Female range size
Neither
Female group size
20
Why might eusociality evolve from sisters sharing a nest
Both
Raising dominant sistersoffspring better than breeding alone
Breeding alone can be a high risk activity
Neither
21
Why do small groups of lionesses not disband during prey scarcity
Both
Each group has a different territory
Net energy gain when in a pack
Neither
22
What is anisogamy?
When males and females have the same gametes
Difference in male and female gametes
When males have a higher reproductive output
When females have a higher reproductive output
23
Why are not all current traits adaptions
All of the above
Its a maladaptive side effect of an otherwise adaptive trait
Trait evolved under past conditions that no longer exist
Its is maladaptive now the environment has changed
24
If a lone females range is large but defendable what kind of mating system do you get (mammals)
Polyandry
Monogamy
Polygynandry
Polygyny
25
Why do new alpha hanuman langur males kill all the groups offspring
Group selection
Females stop lactating and come into oestrous
Social pathology bought on by overcrowding
Cos they are evil
26
What do ants spray on Blue Jays
Urine
Formic Acid
Cyanide
Water
27
Why do female honey bee workers sacrifice their life when theres an intruder
Defence is more effective when the sting is detached
She wont reproduce so its only way genes can be passed on
All of the above
To protect her family
28
Alternative mating strategies in isopods are caused by
Unfortunate circumstances for the smaller males
Their learning environment
Different genotypes
Number of females available
29
Why did a peacocks tail not make sense to Darwin
It increased chance of predation
It took lots of energy to produce
All of the above
It was clearly a costly trait
30
If the egg shell was 15cm from the nest what was the percentage of eggs were taken by crows
21%
85%
16%
42%
31
Which is NOT an example of deceptive communication
Hornet clear wing moth mimics a hornet to avoid predation
Bee orchids trick male bees into pollinating them
Bolas spider attracting moths by mimicking female pheromone
Ravens yelling
32
If females are social but live in a large undefendable ranges what mating systen do you get?
Lekking
Multi-male polygyny
A mix of all 3
Uni-male polygyny
33
Is the hiss or eyespots more effective in scaring off Blue tits in Comma & Peacock Butterflies
Noise
Neither
Both
Eyespots
34
Why do male garden spiders pluck the strings of the females web before approaching
To alert other males that she already has a partner
To set the mood with sweet tunes
Same size as prey so need methods not to be eaten
As prey struggling sounds very different
35
Sexual selection leads to development of...
Both
Dimorphism
Neither
Secondary sexual characters
36
Why do seychelle warblers help at the nest
To inherit the territory
Kin selection
To gain experience
Mate aquisition
37
Which frog is in the most danger
The largest frog
They are all in equal danger
The group of frogs are all in equal higher danger
The lone frog
38
Which is NOT an example of sperm competition
Males having different levels of infertility
Mate guarding in zebra finch
Polyandrous species produce a higher proportion of sperm
Male damselflies removing the sperm of rivals
39
How related are these two sisters when they a born from a haploid father
0.5
0.75
0.25
1
40
What is the group augmentation hypothesis for why helpers help a breeding pair
It benefits them being in a larger group
All of the above
It increases probability of future breeding
Its payment for being allowed to stay
41
Why do decorator crabs prefer using dictyota menstrualis algae than other types of camouflage
The algae contains a chemical that repels omniverous fish
They do not prefer it any more
The algae grows much faster than other types of algae
The algae acts as better camoflague
42
Which scenario is an example of successive/sequential polygyny
Both
Male orangutan wandering about and looking for fertile mates
A Red-winged blackbird defending a territory and harem
Neither
43
How do females enforce monogamy in burying beetles
With a whip
Preventing them attracting females
Chewing the males wings off
Spraying urine on females that approach to deter them
44
Which is an example of simultaneous polyandry
A spotted sandpiper finds a male and lays a clutch for him
Female painted snipe defending a territory while males brood
45
Why do cuckoos wait till their host has started laying
They are lazy
Common sense
There is 60% chance their egg will be rejected
There is 100% chance their egg will be rejected
46
Mating sytem classification does NOT encompass
Parental care
Number of offspring
Social organisation
Copulation behaviour
47
Which of these is NOT an assumption of Charnov's marginal theorem model
There is high predation
Patch profitability is known
Energy travelling = Energy consumed
Time travelling is known
48
Which statement is NOT true of cooperative breeding
Its described in >10% of fish species
It occurs in 3% of mammal species
It is never seen in amphibians
It occurs in 4-9% of bird species
49
Who is more likely to be attacked in toad mating season
A toad with a high pitch call
A toad with a low pitch call
50
Why do female katydids sometimes need to compete for males spermatophores
Food supply varies though the breeding season
Some females are not willing to provide parental care
Some males can be choosy while some males are not
Resources needed to make the nuptial gift can be scarce
51
What is the outcome in the rock-paper-scissor game
1/3 of each strategy
Rock wins
Population crash
Cyclical dynamics
52
Why can mormon cricket males only mate once?
They are flightless so unlikely to encounter a mate
The female eats them
Once reaching adulthood they only live 2 weeks
They transfer a spermatophore 25% of their body mass
53
Why does the meadow brown have small eyespots near the wing tip
To scare predators
To attract prey
Acts as a non vital target
Cos its a no drama kind of girl
54
Why are less cuckoo eggs rejected in iceland
The eggs are incredibly mimetic
They are allopatric
They were only sympatric thousands of years ago
There are no native cuckoos
55
What is important to remember about sexual selection
It doesnt have to lead to dimorphism
Neither
Both
Dimorphism can come from processes other than SS
56
What is a criticism of Trivers and Hare (1976) eusociality model
No of mates of queen affects sibling relatedness
All of the above
Assumption are not valid in homoptera
If you have a large no. of females a few males can fertilise
57
Female adelie penguins are more like to terminate...
A partner copulation
An EPC
58
Sex ratios are an ESS as if others are producing males its in your best interest to produce
Neither
Females
Both
Males
59
Acorn woodpeckers constuct a massive granary tree. The better the acorn crop ...
The more offspring delay dispersal
The less offspring delay dispersal
60
What is intrasexual selection?
Male-male competition
Female choice
61
How did experiments on long-tailed widow birds show the selection was due to female choice
All males ability to compete was the same
All males were related
All females were tested twice
Females were able to reject males
62
Following the theory of optimality organisms need to..
Maximise food intake & Maximise handling time
Minimise food intake & Minimise handling time
Minimise food intake & Maximise handling time
Maximise food intake & Minimise handling time
63
Why do 60% of superb fairy wrens have male helpers
Neither
Territories are limiting
Both
Mates are limiting
64
Did alex lose her sanity making this 161 question quiz
Yes
No
65
Why do female beewolves circle the nest before she goes hunting
To warn intruders
To make sure the bees she caught are still there
To find pray
To memorise the landscape
66
Cowie (1977) tested the foraging assumption 'travel cost= patch cost'. Which statement is FALSE
'Travel cost = patch cost' did not fit the model well
He tested on Great Crested Grebe
'Travel cost > patch cost' fit the model much better
He test 30 patches on an experimental tree
67
Mammalian carnivores can catch prey ...... more in weight when in a group
6-12x
15-20x
5-6x
7-10x
68
When do bees do a figure of eight dance
When food is less than 50m away
When food is more than 50m away
69
Why do we consider male pipefish as an example of sex role reversal
Males choose the largest females
Males have a larger parental investment
Females can fill 2 male pouches but theres an even sex ratio
All of the above
70
Optimum foraging will ...... rate of food delivery to the nest in starlings
Decrease
Increase
71
Why do we know mate guarding in blue milkweed beetles result in missed mating opportunity
25%(M) found new mate in 30 mins when female was removed
Neither
Both
50%(F) found new mate in 30 mins when male was removed
72
The ecological constraits hypothesis (Emlen 1982) explains cooperative breeding by
Grown offspring delay dispersal & stay at home
All of the above
Independent breeding is constrained
Grown offspring help to rear later broods
73
According to hamiltons rule behaviour is favoured if
C>Br
C<Br
Br=0
Cr=B
74
If there is equal investment in offspring
Neither sexes choose
Neither sexes compete
Both sexes compete
Both sexes choose
75
Females cuckoos only specialise on one host so why haven't they speciated
They have very low speciation rates
The specialisation is by chance
Specialisation is learnt not due to genetics
Due to gene flow from unspecialised males
76
Which of these animals are NOT plural breeders
Banded Mongoose
Acorn woodpecker sisters
Florida scrub jays
Acorn woodpecker brothers
77
Which of these scenarios is NOT an example of the dilution effect
Whirligig beetles feed in middle of group but get less food
A blue tit laying one egg a day of her large brood
Adult mayflys all emerge at the same time
Synchronous egg laying in seabirds
78
If lek polygyny females have large ranges what size range to males have
Tiny territories
A similar size
79
Which animal does NOT show infanticide behaviour
Female Waterbugs
Male Lions
Female cows
Female Jacanas
80
How many bird species are obligate brood parasites (never raise their own chicks)
3400
730
100
13
81
Why do swallows not leave in the direction successful birds return from
Birds return from a different direction to trick others
Because their prey is not static
They assume resources have been depleted
Because they are stupid
82
How quick do informed ospreys who have learnt copying behaviour find food
Less than 15 minutes
Up to an hour
Under 2 hours
Between 20-30 minutes
83
What does the waggle dance tell other bees
Neither
Both
The direction of food
The distance to food
84
Which is NOT an example of cryptic female choice
Dunnock ejecting fluid if her partner pecks her cloaca
Raising their body pH to destroy sperm
Mammals hiding the timing of their oestrous cycle
Chickens storing sperm in sperm storage tublule
85
What percent of EP chicks were seen in the Adelie penguin study
40%
3%
14%
0%
86
What percent of offspring are fathered by territorial male bluegills
77.5%
98.7%
49.8%
23%
87
How do long tailed tits recognise family
Genetic cues to kinship
Environmental cues to kinship
88
What are the eyespots on Emperor Moths and Eyed Hawk Moths for
A completely random gene mutation
Decoration
Startling predators
Sexual selection
89
VonFrisch trained a bee to one feeder then put out feeders of equal distance, where did bees go
They were directed to correct feeder
They went to random feeders
They flew away and were never seen again
They all went to the opposite feeder
90
Chicks who beg get more food from their parents so why dont they beg all the time
Hungry siblings will commit siblicide
It can attract predators
There parents get overwelmed an abandon the nest
They get full
91
Do adelie penguin males prioritise sperm or EPC or their mate when sperm is limiting
Their mate
EPC
92
Limb autotomy is what type of antipredator behaviour
Anti-capture
Anti-attack
Anti-consumption
Anti-detection
93
Why might some hosts accept parasitic young
May be function of imprinting
Rejection can be costly if wrong
Neither
Both
94
Which statement is NOT true of adelie copulation behaviour
The female lets out a high frequency call after copulation
They vibrate bills
The cloaca rhythmically contracts and draws up the sperm
Male bows then female lays down and he mounts her
95
How do ospreys find a good shoal
None of the above
By leaving in direction successful bird returns from
By chance
By leaving in direction unsuccessful bird returns from
96
Who are more likely to reject parasite eggs
Suitable hosts
Unsuitable hosts
97
Which are the PROXIMATE (how) questions about behaviour
Ontogeny (Development)
Function (Adaptive significance)
Phylogeny (Evolution)
Mechanism (Causation)
98
Why are eusocial systems ecologically important
All of the above
Brazilian social insects make up 70-80% of all insects
One colony can hold 22 million ants
Brazilian social insects make up 33% of all animal biomass
99
Why do we see mismatch in behaviour and optimal foraging occasionally
The animal may not have been 'well designed' by selection
All of the above
A factor was ommited from the model and assumtion not valid
The observations may have been innapropriate
100
Adelie penguins were investigated on the Ross ice shelf in cape bird. Which statements are true
Female arrives and pairs up with a new male
They hatch 2 eggs and the male goes out to sea for 10-12days
The male incubates first and then they switch
The male arrives 1st & sets up nest (often last years site)
101
In florida scrub jay what percent of helpers eventually aquire all or part of parents territory
62%
95%
48%
100%
102
Why do both males and female termites become sterile workers
All are equally related to siblings
Both
Care of the young is so difficult
Neither
103
Why are dunnocks unlikely to reject non-mimetic eggs
Both
Neither
They lay very different eggs themselves so don't realise
They have a very low rate of parasitism
104
If blue-headed wrasse males are removed and replaced what sites do females use to spawn
Their old favoured ones
New ones
105
Why can there be conflict between the queen and workers over sex ratio in eusocial systems
Workers want to raise more brothers
Workers want to raise more sisters
Queen wants to raise more sons
Queen wants to raise an equal ratio
106
When do male seychelle warblers stop mate guarding
They dont stop
When they have secured sufficent extra pair copulations
When the egg hatches
When the female has laid her egg and is no longer fertile
107
Why does monogamy occur in yellow-bellied marmots
As high amounts of parental care is needed
As they live in a harsh environment
As a compromise between polygyny and polyandry
All of the above
108
In 23 observations of small toads jumping on females how many were displaced by a larger male
10
23
18
13
109
What is NOT a method of camoflague used by peppered moths
The larvae resembles a leaf bud
The typica form can blend in to white backgrounds
The larvae resembles a dead twig
The carbonaria form can blend into black backgrounds
110
Tiger salamander tadpoles are more likely to become cannibals if...
The individuals are mainly unrelated
There is a variation in larvae size
All of the above
They are in a group with many conspecifics
111
Moose feed in both decidous forests and on aquatic vegetation. What constrains food choice?
Stomach space
Deciduous leaves are high in energy but low in sodium
All of the above
Aquatic veg is low in energy but high in sodium
112
In 52 adelie copulation attempts there were 42 cloacal contacts but how many inseminations
42
0
13
24
113
In eusocial insects with haplodiploidy which gender comes from unfertilised eggs (haploid)
Female
Males
114
Why do oyster catchers select mussels that were smaller than predicted in the optimality model
Large were impossible to open
They are stupid
Large were often heaver to larger intake of sea water
Small mussels were less likely to be diseased
115
Adult children of hornbills may stay how long to help their parents to raise offspring
They do not become helpers
up to 10 years
Indefinatley
up to 5 years
116
Which sub-families of apidae form swarms
Orchid bees
Honeybees
Bumblebees
Stingless bees
117
Why are displays an honest signal
Its a handicap that only high quality males can afford
Both
Neither
Its an idex of quality
118
Alcock divided antipredator adaptions into four categories. Which of the following is NOT one
Anti-kincapture
Anti-capture
Anti-attack
Anti-detection
119
Why do gulls engage in risky mobbing behaviour
Drives away other colonies looking for optimal nesting sites
Males have increase testosterone in the mating period
It allows them to steal other birds eggs
It reduces egg predation
120
Naked mole-rats are as close to eusociality as any mammal gets. Why are they not 100% eusocial
Females are not sterile & can reproduce if situation arises
In a colony of up to 80 members half the females reproduce
There is not division of labour
There are no workers
121
When to sparrows chirrup 16 times a minute instead of 7
When they are foraging far from safe cover
When a predator is far
When a predator is close
When they are foraging close to safe cover
122
Which frog is in the most danger
All of the frog are in equal danger
Either frog on the end
The largest frog
The frog in the middle
123
Why do cuckoos lay their eggs in the afternoon
If they lay in the morning 50% are rejected
If they lay in the morning 100% are rejected
They like the sun
They are late risers
124
Which fact is NOT true about male-male competition in seals
The winner (beachmaster) gets the entire harem of females
If they get too big they are no longer able to fight
The can have aggresive roaring matches which lead to fights
Unsucessful males have few or no matings
125
How many times did olfactory foraging evolve in lizard phylogeny from ancestral ambush state
3 times
8 times
12 times
Only once
126
Which is NOT a reason we see honest signalling
Theres a handicap/cost
Individuals have a common interest
Its an index of quality
Females want to be choosy
127
Why might the evolution of eusociality come from daughters 'staying at home'
Queen has higher fitness from offspring than grand offspring
Raising full sibling equal fitness to raising offspring
Neither
Both
128
What happen if a female clownfish dies
The male finds a new partner
There is a funeral
The male changes sex when he is big enough
Raises the eggs alone & all but one are eaten by a barracuda
129
Why do Gulls move egg shells as soon as their young hatch
So there is more room in the nest
For interior design purposes
The shells start to smell
The white of the shell attracts predators
130
Pied kingfisher males only accept distant or non kin helpers when conditions are..
Poor
Very high quality
131
What is NOT one of the three key features of eusociality?
Cooperative brood care
Parthogenesis
Sterile castes
Overlapping generations
132
Why do some males defend resources
Resource distribution determines female dispersion
All of the above
So other males cannot eat as much
So they can become larger and monopolise more females
133
What happens if bees have to dance on horizontal combs
All of the above
They orientate to a directional light source
They dance in a random direction
The can no longer orientate to gravity
134
Selection normally favours
Selfish individuals
Neither
Unselfish individuals
Both
135
Which male isopod morph is more successful
Gamma 'sneakers
Alpha 'fighter'
They are all equally successful in different scenarios
Beta 'female mimic'
136
Group selection will only occur if.....
Within group competition < Between group competition
Within group competition > Between group competition
137
Timbergen set up landmarks around beewolf's nest then moved them. What happened
She found her nest
She moved the marks back
She couldn't find her nest
She stung timbergen in the face
138
Why do ground nesters beg at a higher frequency
Parents feeding in far trees can hear it
Foxes cannot hear this frequency
The sound doesnt travel as far
Predation is higher in the trees
139
Why do you not see BB female fireants
They die prematurely
Only males can be BB
They are killed by Bb workers
They leave the nest to start a new colony
140
Which subfamiliy of apidae bees are NOT eusocial
Stingless Bees
Bumblebees
Honeybees
Orchid Bees
141
Why does different size gametes evolving mean we need to evolved a two sex system
If two small gametes fuse survival decreases
Small gametes become more common and are more likely to fuse
As women should always be smaller then men
Sexism
142
How do skunks find food
Put their head up and march directly towards smell
They form a olfactory search image
They form a visual search image
By scavenging
143
What indicates mutual sexual selection in crested auklets
All of the above
Both have intrasexual competition
Both sexes display more to models with lengthened crests
Both genders have crests
144
Why do large flocks of pigeons do better againsts goshawks
The goshawk will be intimidated and not attempt an attack
The frequency of calls repels predators
There is increase vigilance so can react quicker
They can fight them off
145
Which is NOT a characteristic of FEMALE redback spiders
Mature later on
Larger and longer lived
live 2-4 months
Have many mates
146
Which male holds a small territory with just one female
The orange throated lizard
The yellow throated lizard
The blue throated lizard
None of them
147
Why do large female anthias turn into males when the dominant male dies
To defend the territory
All of the above
They now have a higher reproductive output
To prevent being forced to copulate
148
Who gets the most matings in Scorpion flies?
Large males guarding dead insects
Medium sized males producing salivary gifts
All of them equally
Small males forcing copulations
149
Complete the table
(B) = v/2
(A) = (v-c)/2
(B) = (v-c)/2
(A) = v/2
150
Which is NOT true of cuckoo egg laying behaviour
The eggs hatch synchronously with host eggs
The eggs are very small
Lay at 2-5pm in about 10 seconds after host has layed
The eggs are mimetic
151
What gender offspring is this female better off producing
Both
Females
Neither
Males
152
Of the 18 matings seen where a large male toad jumps on a females back how many were displaced
18
0
10
13
153
What is NOT found inside a bee sting
Venom sac
Anti-histamines
Alarm pheremone gland
Nerve ganglion
154
If mobbing is no longer beneficial will it still occur in cliff dwelling gulls
Yes as there has not been enough time for de-evolution
Yes and ground predators are still able to climb
No as there is pressure to loose risky behaviour
Behaviour shown depends on how high the cliff is
155
The inter-ejaculate in adelie penguins interval increases with time indicating
Both
Neither
Sperm is depleted
Sperm is limiting
156
What mating system do Dunnocks follow
Monogamy
Polygynandry
All of them the dirty boys
Polygyny or polyandry
157
Direction to food is given by what part of the waggle dance in bees
The angle from the vertical of the waggle portion of dance
Buzz frequency
The direction they arrive from before the dance
The direction they go off in after the dance
158
85% of birds are socially monogamous but what percent of birds are also genetically monogamous
<10%
>40%
<25%
85%
159
Why do blue milkweed beetle males mate guard even though they miss out mating opportunities
They are loyal
The last male to copulate fertilises >80% of the eggs
The last male to copulate fertilises all of the eggs
The last male to copulate fertilises >40% of the eggs
160
Which group is not one we commonly see eusociality in
Isoptera
Hymenoptera
Homoptera
Lepidomorpha
161
Pregnant dominant females will kill other pups as their litter survival drops to what
60% if subordinates are also pregnant
10% if subordinates are also pregnant
30% if subordinates are also pregnant
97% if subordinates are also pregnant
