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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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Questions
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1
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
2
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
linguistic heuristics
morphemes
syntax
phonemes
3
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
4
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
post-conventional moral reasoning
development of secondary sex characteristics
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
5
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
attention
perception
sensation
6
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
similiarity
closure
symmetry
7
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
leftbrain/right brain communication
reticular formation
limbic system
8
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
light purity
brightness
saturation
color
9
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
lens
iris
vitreous humor
cornea
10
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
avoidance learning
an unconditioned response
positive reinforcement
11
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
operant conditioning
12
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
perception
consciousness
hypnosis
sensation
13
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
observational learning
classical conditioning
reinforcement
14
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
aggressiveness
manipulative behavior
excessive guilt
social charm
15
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the proximodistal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
the cephalopedal trend
16
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
morphemic
phonemic
platonic
17
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
low in extraversion
low in openness
18
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
median
mean
midpoint
19
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
20
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has two different psychological disorders
has trouble getting along with people
experiences mild manic states
21
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become aggressive
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous sleep
remain in continuous wakefulness
22
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold information for a lifetime
put information into long-term memory
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
23
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
acetylcholine
dopamine
endorphin
serotonin
24
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
individualism
functionalism
attributionism
collectivism
25
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
26
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
conscious experience
the unconscious
the brain
27
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
28
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
a personality test
an achievement test
29
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
attention encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
30
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
insight learning
31
A perceptual set implies that...
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
32
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
reiteration
recognition
relearning
33
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
procedural
episodic
crystallized
fluid
34
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
35
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
a situational attribution
an external attribution
an internal attribution
36
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
37
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
temporal lobe
cochlea
stirrup
oval window
38
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
irrational thoughts
maladaptive behaviors
the unconscious
39
What is somnambulism?
sleep-walking
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
difficulty breathing when asleep
40
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
41
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
bipolar
dissociative
unipolar
42
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
oral
genital
latency
anal
43
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
functionalism
neodynamism
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
44
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
pancreas
45
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
stereotypes
attributions
self-serving bias
46
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
pressure
change
frustration
conflict
47
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a self-report inventory
a projective test
a behavior rating
a deceptive test
48
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
reversibility
centration
conservation
egocentrism
49
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
sedatives
narcotics
alcohol
cannabis
50
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
cognitive dissonance
conformity
groupthink
51
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
illusions
hallucinations
obsessions
delusions
52
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
a delusion
a compulsion
an obsession
53
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
medulla
occipital cortex
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
54
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the correlational group
the control group
the observational group
55
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
repression
56
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender stereotypes
gender roles
gender behaviors
57
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
58
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the principle of collectivism
display rules
the law of cognitive dissonance
the reciprocity norm
59
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
intermediate-term
long-term
short-term
60
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
secure-avoidant
strange situation
shared inhibition
61
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
cookie
give cookie
I eated a cookie
i wanted a cookie
62
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
63
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
efferent nerves
autonomic nerves
sympathetic nerves
afferent nerves
64
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
pitch
loudness
decibels
65
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
standardized validity
content validity
criterion-related validity
predictive validity
66
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
67
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
anxiety
personality
mood
68
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
sing a song
tie shoe laces
print letters
fear the dark
69
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
superstitious behavior
classical conditioning
observational learning
positive reinforcement
70
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a false alarm
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
71
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the conscious aspect of personality
the moral component of personality
72
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
physical interaction
abstract operations
73
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
lesioning
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
tumor ligation
74
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
a variety of environmental factors
75
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
marital problems
schizophrenia
76
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
extinction
unconditioning
77
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
78
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
mescaline
marijuana
heroin
cocaine
79
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
preconventional
conventional
concrete
postconventional
80
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
poor police protection
81
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the gambler's fallacy
the confirmation bias
82
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
neurotransmitters
agonists
action potentials
antagonists
83
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
intelligence
creativity
reasoning
84
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
psychological tests
questionnaires
physiological recordings
direct observation
85
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
86
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
incentive theory
drive theory
evolutionary theory
instinct theory
87
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction capacity
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
88
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
aversion therapy
psychotherapy
systematic desensitization
avoidance therapy
89
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
William James
Rene Decartes
90
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
musical
spatial
mechanical
91
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
schematizing
cultural direction
92
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
has been standardized but not normed
is consistent
is reliable
93
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
content
criterion-related
absolute
94
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
95
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
96
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
corpus callosum
pineal gland
thalamus
parietal lobe
97
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
prenatals
teratogens
pathogens
opiates
98
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia
smell buds
sciatic receptors
99
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
defense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
100
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
fixation
displacement
compensation
regression
101
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
modeled
retrieved
encoded
ablated
102
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
cultural practices
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
103
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scales
test norms
test scores
test levels
104
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
shaping
105
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
cerebellum
brainstem
reticular formation
limbic system
106
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
conformity
social loafing
group polarization
deindividuation
107
According to the medical model...
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
108
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
representativeness
predictability
consistency
accuracy of inference
109
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
medulla
hypothalamus
110
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
spinal cord
cortex
location of injury
111
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
cross-sectional
time of testing
longitundinal
sequential
112
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
a self-serving attribution
demonstrates an illusory correlation
113
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
electrographic tomography
computerized tomography
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
114
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
tree-bird
boat-goat
fill-feed
car-nose
115
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
conjunction heuristic
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
116
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
semantic network
chunk
schema
script
117
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
the internal state causes the facial expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
118
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
attitude is to action
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
119
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
pituitary
thyroid
thalamus
gonads
120
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
fear reaction
rat
rabbit
121
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
122
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
parental investments
social scripts
display rules
investment differentiations
123
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
punishment
observational learning
operant conditioning
124
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
125
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
bottom-up processing
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
126
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
basis for performing pro-social behavior
127
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
an amphetamine
128
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
conversion disorder
fugue
bipolar disorder
129
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
behavioral quality
temperament
personality
130
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
unrealistic demands from family/friends
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
131
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
132
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
surprise
fear
happiness
133
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
gamma
beta
delta
134
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
cognitive
humanistic
behavioral
psychoanalytic
135
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
light
salivation
food/meat powder
136
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological instability
psychological instability
physiological stability
psychological stability
137
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
initiative vs. guilt
138
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a percentile score
IQ
mental age
a potential score
139
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a social psychologist
140
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
cognition
introspection
intelligence
mentalism
141
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
percentiles
means
correlation coefficients
142
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
REM
stage 4
stage 2
stage 1
143
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
episodic memories
flashbulb memories
144
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
activation-synthesis theory
wish fulfillment theory
145
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
fast-mapping
metalinguistic awareness
semantic slanting
overextension
146
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial retrieval
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
complete storage failure
147
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
148
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
been dreaming
not really been asleep
not been dreaming
149
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
150
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
memory
