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Earth Science Lecture Exam 2 Review
People live near composite volcanoes because
Contact metamorphism is
Earth Science Lecture Exam 2 Review
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1
Contact metamorphism is
always accompanied by deformation
caused by the intrusion of hot magma into cooler rocks
where major crustal movements build mountains and deform rocks
a high grade of metamorphism
2
People live near composite volcanoes because
the eruptions are slow and easy to flee from
volcanic eruptions provide great building materials
it’s exciting
volcanic deposits are rich in nutrients beneficial for growing crops
3
Index, or guide, fossils are most useful because they ____
are found in all types of rock
lived over a long period of geologic time
lived during a brief period of geologic time
occur over small geographic region
4
Which of the following can we NOT understand by studying sedimentary rocks?
Past changes in climate
How environments shifted in location through time
The cooling speed of the rock
Migration of deserts and advances of the sea
5
What is the loss of two protons and two neutrons from the nucleus called?
electron decay
beta decay
electron capture
alpha decay
6
The two types of body waves are ____and ____ waves
Raleigh; Love
tensional; extensional
primary; secondary
compressional; extensional
7
A continental margin ____.
is the transition zone from the exposed land to the ocean floor
is primarily above sea level
are where submarine hydrothermal vents are found
does not include the continental slope
8
Atoms of the same atomic number but different atomic mass are called
plasma
elementals
isotopes
ions
9
The breakage or splitting of mineral crystals along one or more smooth planes determined by atomic structure is called
Fracture
Hardness
Luster
Cleavage
10
Most earthquakes occur along the circum-Pacific belt primarily because ____
S-waves travel easily through water
P- and S-waves are stronger because the crust is denser in those areas
of the convergence along plate margins
of the divergence along plate margins
11
What factor is least likely to affect earthquake intensity?
The duration of shaking
The magnitude of the last recorded earthquake
The population density
The depth of the hypocenter
12
Ionic bonds occur when electrons ____.
are transferred between atoms
become separated from their atoms
are shared by atoms
have a positive charge
13
An igneous rock with no visible crystals ____.
has a phaneritic texture
cooled quickly on Earth's surface
cooled slowly on Earth's surface
is invisible
14
What is made by Earth’s rotation & convection in the liquid outer core?
dipolar magnetism
global wind currents
gravity
magnetic field
15
____ occurs when Earth’s crust rises back up to its equilibrium level after the unloading of glaciers or sediments
orogenies
thrust faulting
isometric rebound
isostatic rebound
16
A sedimentary rock in which all the grains are about the same size can be characterized as ____
well-sorted
cross bedded
poorly sorted
compacted
17
The Curie point is ____
where heat escapes from Earth’s crust
where Earth’s magnetic poles reverse
the point at which remnant magnetism is equal to gravity
the temperature at which iron-bearing minerals gain their magnetization
18
A key characteristic of igneous rocks is that they ____.
are made up of minerals that crystallized from magma
are the youngest rocks on Earth
never contain iron or magnesium
are not as hard as sedimentary rock
19
Strain is ____
also called bendability
never compressional
deformation caused by stress
always compressional
20
Lithified rounded pebbles is a _______
conglomerate
breccia
sandstone
granite
21
Sandstone, siltstone, and shale are
organic sedimentary rocks
chemical sedimentary rocks
detrital sedimentary rocks
metamorphic rocks
22
A plate boundary where new lithosphere is created.
all of the above
transform
divergent
convergent
23
The Earth was formed ___ years ago.
13 billion
4004
4.6 billion
1.3 million
24
What are the two types of crust?
lower crust and upper crust
oceanic and continental
inner crust and outer crust
terrestrial and aquatic
25
Atoms that are the same element always have
All of the above
The same atomic mass
The same number of electrons
The same atomic number
26
Magmas with the highest percentages (> 65%) of silica are called ____.
mafic
felsic
intermediate
ultramafic
27
Rust is an example of
hydrolysis
dissolution
oxidation
pressure-release fracturing
28
As S- and P-waves travel farther, ____
the P-S time interval increases
their intensity increases
they overtake the surface waves
the P-S time interval decreases
29
Although metamorphism is associated with all three types of plate boundaries, it is ____
rare along convergent plate margins
most common along divergent plate margins
coincidental that this association occurs
most common along convergent plate margins
30
Magnetic reversals ____
are very well understood and can be predicted
have no affect on iron-bearing minerals
occur when magnetic north and magnetic south poles switch positions
cause seafloor spreading to reverse directions
31
The principle: the oldest layer is at the bottom and the youngest is at the top.
The principle of fossil succession
The principle of superposition
The principle of uniformitarianism
The principle of cross-cutting relationships
32
Pyroclastic igneous rock forms from ____.
explosive volcanic activity
rapidly cooling plutons
melting of country rock
viscous lava flows
33
Large crystals found in a fine-grained groundmass can indicate a(n) ____
magma had an early extrusive phase then an intrusive phase
intrusive slow cooling process
rock of mixed volcanic-plutonic origin
magma had an early intrusive phase then an extrusive phase
34
Mantle plumes and hot spots help geologists ____.
determine both direction and rate of plate movement
understand the fossil distribution found in igneous rocks
determine the nearest divergent plate boundary
predict the formation of new continents
35
Foliated textures
are created by horizontal layering of sedimentary rocks
are produced by pressure and the preferred orientation of platy minerals
occur only when rocks are folded
occur only in faults
36
The pattern of alternating, symmetric bands on the seafloor at a spreading center are caused by changes in Earth’s
density
gravity field
magnetic field
composition
37
A mineral’s resistance to abrasion is called ____.
hardness
rigidity
strength
toughness
38
The San Andreas fault is a good example of a __ plate boundary.
divergent
convergent
transform
complex
39
A lahar may form when ____
lava cools and cracks along joints
lava is cooled quickly underwater
volcanic gas is erupted into the stratosphere
rain falls on unconsolidated pyroclastic materials
40
Plutons originate through ____ activity.
extrusive igneous
extrusive volcanic
igneous volcanic
intrusive igneous
41
Quality and intensity of light reflected from a mineral is called
Luster
Streak
Color
Hardness
42
Metamorphic rocks ____
always have sedimentary parent rock
always have igneous parent rock
can form on Earth’s surface under special conditions
are formed under conditions of high temperatures and pressures
43
Plate boundary where subduction occurs.
convergent
complex
transform
divergent
44
Isotopes of the same element ____.
drastically change the element’s chemical properties
often combine to form ions
must be negatively charged
have different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons
45
A positively charged atom of an element is called a(n) ____.
neutron
isotope
positron
ion
46
Rocks that are tilted were deposited ____
horizontally and then were tilted into their current orientation
vertically and then were tilted into their current orientation
on a slope in their present orientation
in an unknown orientation and then were tilted into their current position
47
All minerals ____.
are either ferromagnesian or nonferromagnesian silicates
contain at least three separate elements
cleave
are crystalline, inorganic, and naturally occurring
48
Normal faults are caused by ____ stress
tensional
compressional
elastic
shear
49
A gap in the geologic rock record that represents a period of non-deposition or erosion?
anticonformity
disconformity
unconformity
nonconformity
50
The pattern of alternating bands on the seafloor also indicate that
oceanic crust is older close to spreading centers
oceanic crust is younger near subduction zones
oceanic crust is younger as you move away from spreading centers
oceanic crust is older as you move away from spreading centers
51
The placement of events in a sequential order based upon their position in the rock record is referred to as ____ dating
absolute
inferential
relative
radiometric
52
A fossil is determined to be 175,000 years old. This is an example of a(n) ____ date
radiometric
certain
relative
inferential
53
Which of the following processes is NOT considered physical weathering?
oxidation
frost action
near-surface fracturing
prying by plant roots
54
Uniformitarianism is the assumption that ____
catastrophic events do not impact Earth processes
principles of one branch of science apply to other branches of science
younger sedimentary rocks always at the top of a rock sequence
present day geologic processes also occurred in the past
55
An anticline ____
has the oldest rocks at its core
has all of its folded strata dipping outward from a central point
has the youngest rocks at its core
has all of its folded strata dipping inward from a central point
56
Earth's core is likely to be ____.
composed of potassium and aluminum rich silicates
composed of rock with high silica content
molten throughout
composed primarily of iron
57
Elements bond together to form molecules because they ____.
need to have a negative charge
need to have a positive charge
are glued together by protons
are most stable when their outer electron shell is filled
58
A half-life is the amount of time required ____
for one-half of the parent isotopes to decay to daughter isotopes
for the mass of a sample to decrease by half
to gain one-half of the parent isotope
to lose one-half of the daughter isotopes
59
Other than Earth, what planet is most likely to have active volcanoes?
Saturn
Mercury
Venus
Mars
60
Alfred Wegener came up with the concept of
continental drift
the Ring of Fire
plate tectonics
evolution
61
Which of these minerals commonly forms by evaporation of sea water?
quartz
feldspar
clay
halite
62
The magnitude of an earthquake measures ____
combined amplitude of all tremors recorded
duration of trembling
the energy released
intensity
