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Science & Enlightenment - Ch. 16 Flashcards | StudBud
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Science & Enlightenment - Ch. 16
Science & Enlightenment - Ch. 16
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Scientific Revolution & the Enlightenment - McKay Ch. 16 #apeuro
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1
Copernicus' ideas about the earth's movement were rejected by some Protestants because they
were based on philosophy rather than mathematics
were accepted by scholars at the Council of Trent
appeared to embrace magic
contradicted some passages in the Bible
2
The appearance of a new star in 1572 and a comet in 1577 appeared to contradict
the existence of God
the idea of unchanging and perfect heavenly spheres
centuries-old beliefs in natural philosophy
Copernicus' premise of planetary motion
3
Kepler's contributions to science include his pioneering the field of
optics
gastronomy
chemistry
alchemy
4
Gottfried Willhelm von Liebnitz was lampooned in Voltaire's
Candide
for his belief that
good and evil are relative values
time heals all wounds
mind and body are united in one substance
man lives in the "best of all possible worlds"
5
Andreas Vesalius was noted for his studies of
human anatomy
animal husbandry
natural history
animal society
6
The Copernican hypothesis did NOT call into question
geocentrism
Aristotle's crystal spheres
the movement of stars
the size of the universe
7
Natural philosophers often included which ancient fields in their practices and studies?
card reading and astronomy
sleight of hand and astrology
magic and alchemy
astronomy and astrology
8
In his "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" John Locke explains the human mind as a
sort of social contract
a "tabula rasa" or blank slate
an empty canvas
predestined propensity for good of evil
9
Pierre Bayle's
Historical and Critical Dictionary
proclaimed the idea that
progress meant religious toleration
nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt
government without consent of the people was tyranny
everything is for the best
10
Locke's Two Treatises on Civil Government insisted on the sovereignty of
parliament over king
king over parliament
11
Francis Bacon was a proponent of
deductive reasoning
, which was based on
using observation to support general ideas
using truths to make further conclusions
12
Baron de Montesquieu used satire and the vantage point of outsiders in
The Persian Letters
to
answer Voltaire's attacks on the Church
critique Parisian society
promote religious toleration
make fun of the old Savafid empire
13
Which STEM field was used by Renaissance painters in their turn toward realism?
astronomy
geometry
physics
alchemy
14
Montesquieu's contribution to American government, found in The Spirit of the Laws was
bicameral legislature
separation of powers
objection to tyranny
social contract
15
Science and empire found their interests merging in
Imperial decrees of scientific truths
"kings" of science
cataloging New World plants and animals
fighting Church influences on "truth"
16
Some women, such as Maria Sibylla Merian combined art & science with careers as
technical writers
cadavers
scientific illustrators
models
17
Universities and academies did offer science posts to women in
France
Great Britain
Austria
Italy
18
Many Greek texts made their way into western Europe after 1453 because of the
rise in interest in astrology among elites
relaxed import dues on scholarly goods under the Medici
capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire
proliferation of new accounting tools like letters of credit
19
Blood circulation through veins and arteries was discovered by
Paracelsus
Robert Boyle
Andreas Vesalius
William Harvey
20
Galileo was tried for heresy in 1632 because he
supported Protestant ideas
openly challenged traditional views in favor of Copernicus
supported the intervention of Sweden in the Thirty Years War
refused to recant his beliefs and was imprisoned
21
True of false: Galileo's
law of inertia
proves that objects are naturally at rest
False
True
22
Galileo's Sidereal Messenger "exploded" traditional beliefs about the universe by describing
the observations made with his telescope
his tortured relations with the Catholic Church
his detailed defense of Aristotle and scholarly tradition
his mathematical calculations of Jupiter's moons
23
Cartesian dualism is based on the existence of
mind and matter
heart and soul
blood and bone
brain and brawn
24
Descartes' view of the universe was
mechanistic
a rejection of so-called "first principles"
idealistic
singular
25
For Voltaire, the equality that was realizable was
equality of the sexes
social equality
economic equality
equality under the law
26
The experimental method called for
tradition and observation
speculation and belief
speculation and observation
observation and then conclusions
27
Enlightenment writers took intellectual focus away from antiquity and set an agenda to
solve human problems with mathematics
apply science to art and literature
solve human problems with the methods of science
cure madness
28
Galileo was reluctant to join forces with Kepler because he feared
their ideas were too untried to promote
retribution from the Catholic Church
Kepler might steal his ideas
the math used to calculate orbits was flawed
29
The stated goal of Diderot and D'Alembert's
Encyclopedia
was to
change the general way of thinking to a more analytical one
reject knowledge not scientifically based
provide all people with the right answers
challenge government and church authority in articles
30
Kepler's observations proved that planetary motion is
spherical
irregular
elliptical
circular
31
Aristotle and his followers believed that objects are naturally in motion
only in the lunar sphere
yes - force is needed to stop them
when they are in the fifth essence
no - force is needed to move them
32
The main feature of the "Newtonian Synthesis" is his
use of shells and pebbles to explain astronomy
scientific method
blending of the occult and the scientific
law of universal gravitation
33
Johannes Kepler's contribution to astronomy was his proclamation
blending music and science
rejecting Brahe's conclusions
accepting Aristotelian ideas of motion
of Laws of Planetary motion
34
Copernicus did not publish
On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres
until 1543 because he
wanted to translate it into Polish
wanted to be certain his claims were correct
feared retribution
lacked patronage
35
Madame du Chatelet believed that women's limited role in science was due to
their inability to think mathematically
their lack of equal education
predestination
economic imperatives that cut science from schools
36
Tycho Brahe's contribution to astronomy lay in his
blending of Copernican and Ptolemaic ideas
compilation of accurate data on planetary motion
rejection of astrology
his use of sophisticated instruments
37
Empiricism is based on
observation
deductive reasoning
speculation
hypothesis
38
Voltaire and the philosophes believed that religious intoleration led to
anarchy
reason
inequality
fanaticism
