Which BEST describes the action a firefighter should take if separated from team during escape?

Follow hoseline in direction you came from

Steel is the primary material used for:

structural support of large modern buildings.

A life safety rope is disqualified from use if:

it has not passed inspection by qualified personnel.

Which of the following BEST defines situational awareness?

Knowledge of situation or environment around you

Which BEST describes the influence of exposed surfaces on radiant heat?

Increasing space between heat source/surfaces reduces effect

Which BEST describes how to keep full, empty, & damaged SCBA cylinders apart?

Each type should be kept separate and clearly marked.

Once an SCBA regulator assembly is set in normal position the valves should:

not be changed unless emergency bypass is needed.

Life safety rope that has been subjected to an impact load should be:

altered so it cannot be mistaken for life safety rope.

NFPA 1500 requires that protective equipment must:

meet the current edition of NFPA design standards.

Which of the following BEST describes the location of gases that are in thermal layers?

Hot gases tend to be in upper layer, cooler gases in lower

Which of the following BEST describes the use for metal in building construction?

Provides structural support and decorative covering

Which BEST describes a specific safety concern when using PPE?

Can delay awareness of temperature increases.

Which of the following BEST describes escape rope?

Rope intended for emergency self-rescue situations

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MN Firefighter I practice exam: 2013 IFTSA standards Flashcards | StudBud

MN Firefighter I practice exam: 2013 IFTSA standards

472 termsStudBud Administration196 plays

Created for #Rosemount #MN #Fire #Explorers, #Firefighter I practice #exam for MN certification. ALL questions have corresponding page number in accompanying textbook for reference.

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Questions 472

Answers

1
What type of walls are intended to meet requirements of specified fire-resistance ratings?
Load-bearing walls
Fire walls
Non-load-bearing walls
Penetrating walls
2
Natural fiber rope is being replaced with synthetic fiber rope because natural rope:
Loses strength when wet.
is very strong yet lightweight.
is easy to maintain.
Has a longer life span.
3
Which of the following types of movement is preferred if there is minimal smoke and heat?
Crawling
low profile maneuver
Walking
duck walk
4
What method of heat transfer is the transfer of energy by circulation or movement of fluid?
Convection
Potential
Radiation
Conduction
5
After the throttle on a rotary saw is released, the blade will:
continue rotating.
wind down slowly.
stop abruptly.
speed up.
6
What construction type is characterized by the use of large-diameter lumber?
Type II
Type IV
Type V
Type III
7
To maintain safety during live fire training, firefighters should remain calm and:
look for ways to reduce physical discomfort.
look for ways to improve moral through practical jokes.
take slow regular breaths.
take quick shallow breaths.
8
What suppression method is effective on gas and liquid fuels?
Chemical flame inhibition
Oxygen exclusion
Ventilation
Temperature reduction
9
Which of the following weakens the cutting edge of an entry tool?
Grinding
Washing
Cooling
Heating
10
One way to physically & mentally prepare for situational awareness is to train for:
recognizing basic structure types.
hazards you will encounter.
understanding command situations.
unique situations you may never encounter.
11
Which NFPA standard sets the minimum qualifications for Firefighter I and Firefighter II?
472
1001
1582
1021
12
Which BEST describes the action a firefighter should take if separated from team during escape?
Follow hoseline in direction you came from
Remain in place and wait for help
Follow hoseline in opposite direction you came from
Abandon hoseline and retreat
13
Steel is the primary material used for:
stairs, balconies, & facades of buildings.
structural support of large modern buildings.
roofing, flashing, gutters, & downspouts.
decorations in gates, fences, & balconies.
14
A life safety rope is disqualified from use if:
there is no visible damage.
it has not passed inspection by qualified personnel.
it has not been exposed to heat.
it has not been exposed to chemical vapors that can ruin it.
15
Which of the following BEST defines situational awareness?
Knowledge of situation or environment around you
Focusing on victim removal from the hot zone
Knowledge of one aspect of the incident around you
Focusing on directions from Incident Commander
16
Which BEST describes the influence of exposed surfaces on radiant heat?
Creating vacuum will stop radiant heat.
Light materials emit/absorb heat more effectively than dark.
Temp difference of heat source/exposed surface has no impact
Increasing space between heat source/surfaces reduces effect
17
What type of roof has bowstring, ribbed, and pleated barrel as subtypes?
Arched
Butterfly
Sawtooth
Pitched
18
Which critical search areas are BEST defined as furthest from the fire on same or upper floors?
Remainder of hazard zone
Largest numbers
Exposures
Most severely threatened
19
To remove a victim to safety, turn the ___ direction used to enter the room.
same
same direction before turning the opposite direction
opposite direction before turning the same direction
opposite
20
What type of knot is the preferred knot for joining two pieces of webbing?
Water knot
Figure-eight bend
Clove hitch
Overhand safety knot
21
Which BEST describes how to keep full, empty, & damaged SCBA cylinders apart?
All three should be kept in one central location.
Damaged & empty should be kept in the same place.
Each type should be kept separate and clearly marked.
Full & empty should be kept in the same place.
22
Which principal is administered through clearly communicated rules within the organization?
Chain of command
Division of labor
Span of control
Dicipline
23
Which medical position must have basic knowledge/skill to provide lifesaving while awaiting EMS
Advanced emergency medical technician
Paramedic
Emergency medical responder
Emergency medical technician
24
Which staff functions dispatches units to incident scenes?
Fire alarm maintenance personnel
Telecommicatiors
Fire department health and safety officer
Clerical staff
25
Which position is trained to handle high-angle rescue situations in accordance with NFPA 1006?
Rescue technician
Hazardous materials technician
Fire apparatus driver/operator
Wildland firefighter
26
A firefighter may exit SCBA first through a wall with what size stud spaces?
12 inch (304.8 mm)
8 inch (203.2 mm)
6 inch (152.4 mm)
16 inch (406.4 mm)
27
Once an SCBA regulator assembly is set in normal position the valves should:
not be changed unless emergency bypass is needed.
changed only when Incident Command orders.
changed as frequently as possible.
not be changed at all.
28
Which method of movement can help reduce the risk of tripping & falling in heavy smoke?
Low profile maneuver
Crawling
walking
Duck walk
29
What form of ignition occurs without an external spark or flame to ignite fuel.
Exothermic
Piloted
Autoignition
Endothermic
30
Life safety rope that has been subjected to an impact load should be:
re-used three more times.
re-used two more times.
Altered so impacted section is removed & another part used.
altered so it cannot be mistaken for life safety rope.
31
NFPA 1500 requires that protective equipment must:
include all equipment for several types of fires.
include body armour.
have a UL listing.
meet the current edition of NFPA design standards.
32
Which of the following BEST describes the location of gases that are in thermal layers?
Cool gases tend to be replaced by warm gases.
Hot and cool gases tend to mix in both layers equally.
Cooler gases tend to be in upper layer, hot gases in lower
Hot gases tend to be in upper layer, cooler gases in lower
33
Irons are a combination of a ______ and a Halligan tool.
power saw
handsaw
flat-head axe
pick-head axe
34
Crawl spaces in manufactured structures provide ____ during a fire.
roof support
an additional source of oxygen
a vapor barrier
fire resistance
35
Allowing a fire to burn until all fuel is consumed is known as:
oxygen exclusion.
fuel removal.
chemical flame inhibition.
temperature reduction.
36
Which of the following rescue methods is most useful when moving a victim on stairs?
Moving on a litter
Seat/lift carry
Cradle-in-arms carry
Incline drag
37
What part of the roof is made of sheathing, roof planks, and purlins?
Decks
Penetrations and openings
Coverings
Obstructions
38
What method of electrical energy occurs when flowing current exceeds the limits of a conductor
Arcing
Resistance heating
Overcurrent
Sparking
39
In which type of staffing do personnel perform all required functions with minimal or no pay?
Volunteer
Career (on-call)
Career (full-time)
Combination
40
Which of the following is a way radio systems are classified?
Medical and fire
Color and layout
Location and size
Ten-code and clear text
41
Which MAYDAY situation is MOST common when a structure is affected by earthquake or explosion?
Collapse/trapped
Lost/disoriented
Entanglement
Air emergencies
42
Knowing the limitations of radio communications is part of general knowledge of:
external communications.
public alert systems.
internal communications.
PASS devices.
43
Which of the following is used to describe all types of door latches, locks, & locking devices?
Nontraditional locks
Traditional locks
Padlocks
Locksets
44
Which of the following is a smoke indicator for a possible backdraft?
Little or no visible flame
Fire confined to a void space
Turbulent smoke discharge
Optically dense smoke
45
Which of the following BEST describes the use for metal in building construction?
Gives material both compression and tensile strength
Typically used in sheet form for doors and windows
Provides structural support and decorative covering
Used as the primary building material in North America
46
Which can attack bonding material in blades causing them to deteriorate & violently shake?
Hydrocarbons
Acids
Hydrogen cyanide
Alkalines
47
Which BEST describes a specific safety concern when using PPE?
Can protect against approximately 85% of eye hazards.
Covers all portions of the skin when reaching and moving.
Can delay awareness of temperature increases.
Prevents heated or scalding water from reaching ears & neck.
48
The energy an object can release at a point in the future is called:
potential energy.
kinetic energy.
mechanical energy
thermal energy.
49
Which of the following BEST describes escape rope?
Rope that floats and is used during ice rescue
Rope used in any situation not involving life safety
Rope intended for emergency self-rescue situations
Rope used to secure unstable objects
50
Which emergency scene lighting devices has the disadvantage of limited power supply & mobility?
Apparatus electrical system
Vehicle-mounted generator
Portable lights
Portable electric generator
51
In what fire stage are burning fuels releasing the max amount of heat for available fuel & O₂
Fully developed
Incipient
Growth
decay
52
Why should firefighters close doors to rooms not involved in a fire unless used for ventilation
Limits the rooms that must be searched
Create places of refuge
Allows fewer paths of egress
Prevents fire from spreading into rooms
53
Cleaning individual facepieces after each use prevents:
scratching of the lenses.
straps from wearing out quickly.
fogging from occurring during use.
hydrocarbons from contaminating the skin.
54
What kind of testing is required to ensure a perfect SCBA facepiece seal?
Physical fitness testing
End-of-service testing
Certification testing
Fit-testing
55
Wood may be treated with ____ to reduce ignition and burn speed.
high moisture content
layers of mortar
decorative ironwork
fire-retardant chemicals
56
Which aluminum components can create an entanglement hazard?
Studs
Framing & support wires
Downspouts
Carports
57
Combustion type that occurs when gaseous fuel mixes with O₂ in the correct ratio & heated?
Flaming
Nonflaming
Endothermic
Exothermic
58
Which of the following BEST describes how to clean natural fiber rope?
Wipe or gently brush, do not use water
Wash in top-loading washer, rinse with high-pressure washer
Soak in water & detergent, rinse with clean water
Soak in mesh bag, agitate by hand, rinse
59
What type of door is hung from an overhead track with rollers & guides similar to sliding doors
Swinging doors
Vertical doors
Folding doors
Revolving doors
60
What fire suppression method works by flooding the area with inert gas to displace oxygen?
Chemical flame inhibition
Oxygen exclusion
Temperature reduction
Fuel removal
61
Which BEST describes corridors designated as exit or egress pathways?
Walls must be rated from floor to bottom of the next floor
Ceilings must have same fire-resistance rating as the walls
Corridors must be constructed of masonry materials
Floors must be cellular concrete over metal decking
62
What form of energy is possessed by a moving object?
Kinetic energy.
Mechanical energy.
Thermal energy.
Potential energy.
63
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is designed to protect from hazards and:
completely prevent injury.
Minimize risk of injury of fatality.
let firefighters use the same PPE for differing emergencies.
enable less physically fit firefighters to perform tasks.
64
Which removal method can only be used at the decision of the supervisor or Incident Commander?
Rescue
Self-evacuation
Escape
Shelter-in-place
65
Station/work uniform shoes/boots are only worn in the station if:
they have not been used in emergency operations.
they are easy to remove and replace with other boots.
they have not been tested during live fire training.
they are easy to maneuver in once at an emergency operation.
66
In what stage does the oxygen concentration fall to where flaming combustion is diminished?
Growth
Incipient
Fully developed
Decay
67
Which type of company performs duties that may include rapid intervention for firefighters?
Special rescue company
Brush company
Rescue squad/company
Engine company
68
Which of the following is usually gasoline powered with changeable blades for cutting?
Circular saw
Rotary saw
Handsaw
Reciprocating saw
69
In the rapid intervention crew or team (RIC/RIT) acronym AWARE, the W stands for:
water.
wary.
watch.
wet.
70
Which of the following is the BEST way to prevent common firefighter injuries?
Use good judgement even if standard procedures might ignored
Maintain distance from dangerous situations
Maintain high levels of physical fitness
Use personal protective clothing when not a hassle
71
Which of the following BEST describes the intent of a roof's shape and construction?
Provides drainage, snow weight support, resists wind effects
Forms top & bottom of compartment with walls forming sides
Supports the weight of the building and all contents.
Defines perimeter of building and dividing into compartments
72
The rapid intervention crew or team (RIC/RIT) must be equipped with:
More advanced PPE as interior firefighting crews at incident
More PPE than interior firefighting crews at the incident.
PPE that protects from different hazards than crews at scene
the same PPE as interior firefighting crews at the incident
73
What term defines the concentration above which combustion cannot take place?
Higher flammable limit
Vapor pressure
Lower flammable limit
Vaporization
74
Which of the following is a limitation of pike poles and hooks?
The pressure can cause the mechanism to lock
The handles may break when used as a lever
They spread out under the pressure of self contained springs
The should not be used for pushing or pulling
75
Which NFPA standard regulates requirements for life safety rope?
1983
1991
1500
1973
76
What survival action allows more time to improve the situation or buy more time to escape?
Seeking safe haven
Rescue
Remain in place
Escape
77
Which BEST describes the result of prolonged exposure to hot environments while using PPE?
Moisture by sweating in PPE can create chafing.
Moisture by sweating can cause shrinkage when PPE dries
Moisture by sweating in PPE can cause heat stress or burns.
Moisture by sweating in PPE can restrict movement
78
What product of combustion is an aerosol comprised of gases, vapor, & solid particulates?
Carbon monoxide
Hydrogen cyanide
Thermal energy
Smoke
79
Maintain control of a door that is opened or forced during a search by:
Placing a strap around the door knob.
Having a ream member hold the door open.
Taking it off its hinges.
lodging open with other objects.
80
What part of the fire tetrahedron absorbs heat but does not actively help a combustion process
Passive agents
Oxygen
Heat
Fuel
81
What part of the roof has ends connected by horizontal joist & supports between joist & rafter
Metal gusset plates
Beams
Truss assemblies
Box and I-beams
82
What common building material is often protected by gypsum, drywall, or other insulation?
Glass
Wood
Metal
Masonry
83
Which BEST describes why PPE must be properly maintained?
It allows firefighters to have pride in their unit.
Some contaminants reduce efficacy of retroreflective trim.
Some PPE must be dried periodically to remain effective.
It gives firefighters something to do at beginning of shift.
84
Which of the following is a nontraditional type of lock providing a higher level of security?
Cylindrical lock
Electromagnetic lock
Mortise lock
Rim lock
85
Which BEST describes the intended use for water rescue rope?
Rope intended for emergency self-rescue situations
Rope that floats and is used during ice rescue
Rope used in any situation not involving life safety
Rope used to secure unstable objects
86
What type of fuel will flow downhill when released on the ground?
Liquid
Chemical
Solid
Gaseus
87
The FBAR's system contains a certified containment fill station, control valves & gauges where?
Remote air fill panels
Emergency air storage
Low air pressure alarms
Fire department air connection panel
88
In the wide-area-search, if a member moves off the line they must stay in voice contact with:
the lead.
all searcher.
the nearest searcher.
the navigator.
89
The fire spray of a water-mist-stored-pressure extinguisher can reduce the:
escaping vapors from small liquid fuel spills.
scattering of burning materials.
splattering of burning oil.
risk of breaking a crust over burning materials.
90
In what fire stage does heat transfer begin to increase the overall temperature in the room?
Incipient
Decay
Fully-developed
Growth
91
What wearer limitation of SCBA can cause problems such as heart attack/stroke during activity?
Inadequate pulmonary capacity
Weakened cardiovascular ability
Lack of physical condition
Lack of agility
92
The agent in a ___ combines with oils to create a soapy foam surface.
wet chemical stored-pressure
pump-type water
aqueous film forming foam
clean agent
93
Which of the following is a typical duty of staff personnel?
Vehicle extrication
Haz-mat training
Fire suppression
Incident overhaul
94
Which of the following BEST describes a guideline for apparatus safety?
Secure all loose tools and equipment
Use steps & handrails only when dismounting
Wear safety belts when convenient
Stand wherever gives the firefighter access to equipment
95
Type II construciton is normally used when:
collapse risk is expected to be high.
outside walls constructed of noncombustible materials needed
fire risk is expected to be low.
prefabricated truss systems are required.
96
Training equipment items that need ___ should be reported to the appropriate supervisor:
upgraded
upgraded or improved
repaired or replaced
improved
97
Which BEST describes how breathing quality air is tested for stationary fill stations?
It must be tested during high-use times.
It must be tested immediately after high-use times.
It must be tested by third-party testing facility.
It must be tested by local units.
98
Which of the following types of company may provide transportation to a medical facility?
Emergency medical company
Truck company
Rescue squad/company
Engine company
99
Inquiries & requests for assistance to personal calls from family & friends are considered:
non-emergency calls.
priority calls.
primary calls.
emergency calls.
100
What method of electrical energy occurs when a current flows through a conductor & heat results
Spontaneous ignition
Sparking
Arcing
Resistance heating
101
What rope does not resist abrasion as well as kernmantle because the sheath is prone to sliding
Laid synthetic fiber rope
Braid-on-braid rope
Braided rope
Laid natural fiber rope
102
Which auxiliary electrical equipment allows mutual aid departments to operate off each other?
Electrical cables
Junction boxes
Twist-lock receptacles
Adapter connections
103
Which of the following is always combined with another knot or hitch?
Water knot
Half-hitch
Bowline knot
Clove hitch
104
The A in PASS acronym stands for:
squeeze the handles.
sweep nozzle back and forth.
pull pin by breaking wire or seal.
aim nozzle at base of fire.
105
In a solid-core door the core is covered with:
wood spacers in a honeycomb pattern.
thin panels of wood or glass.
two or three layers of surface material.
glass surrounded by a metal frame.
106
Which fire service cultural strength requires a firefighter's behavior be right or just?
Loyalty
Courage
Work ethic
Moral character
107
Which BEST describes NFPA 1500 requirements for training and education?
Training must include bi-annual evaluations
Training must meet Firefighter Life Safety standards
Training must be conducted at a firefighter's home station
Training must meet NFPA 1000 ProQual standards
108
Which BEST describes what must be addressed in a departments health and safety program?
Physical fire fighting hazards
Mental fire fighting hazards
Obvious fire fighting hazards
Unexpected fire fighting hazards
109
In which situation is using a crouched walk more dangerous than crawling?
When you cannot clearly see the floor
When looking for an exit in a high-rise structure
When you need to be closer to a cooler area
When looking for an exit on an external wall
110
What is the first step to take when locating information in your department's regulations?
Look it up in administration offices
Ask your supervisor
Look it up on the internet
Ask your fellow firefighters
111
Which of the following is a flame indicator of a possible flashover?
Isolated flames in hot gas layer
Lowering of hot gas layer
High velocity and turbulent air flow
Bi-directional movement in smoke
112
Which is the first priority when an RIT/RIC crew or team is removing a located firefighter?
Turning off tracking device
Identifying other victims
Stabilizing injuries
Exiting the IDLH atmosphere
113
Which of the following types of rope is designed to be used when long falls are possible?
Dynamic kernmantle rope
Laid rope
Braided rope
Static kernmantle rope
114
Damaged tools should repaired or replaced:
with other tools.
during inspection.
immediately.
after use.
115
What type of webbing construction is typically more difficult to tie into knots?
Tubular webbing
Class II life safety webbing
Class I life safety webbing
Flat webbing
116
Which structural firefighting PPE components prevent crushing wounds to toes and insteps?
Protective footwear
Protective hoods
Protective trousers
Protective coats
117
Which of the following BEST describes backdraft?
Result of an increase in low-level ventilation prior to high
Bi-directional smoke movement in a doorway
Gases forming into layers according to temperature
Ignition of unburned fire gases at the top of a compartment
118
Communications center equipment may include:
public broadcast radios.
two-way radio systems.
pagers.
televisions.
119
Dirt/debris can prevent what piece of breathing apparatus from fitting securely to a facepiece?
Regulator
Hoses
Backplate and harness assembly
Pressure indicator gauge
120
Which of the following is a variety of company types located within a response area?
Battalion
Engine company
Operations division
Company
121
Which organizational principal is necessary to make specific & clear-cut assignments?
Span of control
Dicipline
Division of labor
Chain of command
122
Nonemergency exit techniques are based on:
the Incident Command System.
the Incident Command Systems and NFPA 1500.
OSHA requirements and NFPA 1500.
local SOP's.
123
Holding the radio/mic 1-2 inches from your mouth when transmitting is a:
guideline for ensuring message is heard and understood.
safety hazard to avoid doing on-scene.
way to eliminate interference at the incident.
practice for firefighters in training.
124
When water is vaporized into steam it expands ____ times.
3,000
1,500
800
1,700
125
What part of wildland PPE protects the firefighter from convected and radiated heat?
Chain saw protection
Fire shelter
Load-carrying equipment
Respiratory protection
126
Which of the following BEST describes what a fire door label identifies?
Hourly rating, door style, & manufacturing location.
Hourly rating, door style, & logo of manufacturer.
Door material, door type, & hourly rating.
Door type, hourly rating, & logo of testing laboratory.
127
The HEPA filter designations N95, N99, & N100 indicate:
the percentage of particles that the masks remove.
the percentage of APR's the mask will fit.
the percentage of nitrogen the masks remove.
the percentage of non-breathable toxins the masks remove.
128
Incident Command System (ICS) is designed to apply to what size incident?
Small size
All size
Catastrophic size
Large size
129
Which type of fuel contains carbon and other elements?
Organic
Inorganic
Active
Combination
130
Which of the following BEST describes hoisting safety guidelines?
Always use a pulley system, no matter what the equipment
Ensure personnel are clear from hoisting area
Tag lines are not needed when hoisting
Always hoist tools & equipment, even if hand carrying works
131
How should a prying tool be carried?
Over the shoulder
Behind the body
With tool head close to ground
With edges away from the body
132
Which of the following types of companies protects structures in the wildland/urban interface?
Special rescue company
Brush company
Rescue squad/company
Truck company
133
Piece of breathing apparatus checked for abrasions, bubbling, cuts, cracks, heat & chem damage
Backplate and harness assembly
Facepiece
PASS device
Hoses
134
Which of the following BEST describes the fire service mission?
To interpret safety codes for the public
To prevent fire through education
To protect jurisdiction from fire
To save lives and protect property
135
Which limitations of a thermal imager can be mitigated by storing it in a safe place?
Very fragile & prone to mechanical failure
Cannot see through water or glass
May not detect fire below in carpeted structure
Cannot detect person under furniture
136
When carrying heavy tools always:
carry then cradled in both arms.
lift with legs and not the back.
start the engine before carrying.
carry them on the right side of your body.
137
The goal of critical incident stress management as established by NFPA 1500 is:
educate members about stress related heart conditions.
assist members who have been in highly stressful events.
create awareness of prevention of stress medical issues.
to prevent members from experiencing highly stressful events
138
Minimum requirements for receiving, processing, & dispatching emergency responders are found in
NFPA 1221
NFPA 297
NFPA 2002
NFPA 72
139
Which fire resulted in limitations on the amount of combustible material in assembly occupancy?
Our Lady of the Angels School Fire, Chicago
Ringling Bros Circus Fire, Hartford, Connecticut
Great Fire of 1904, Toronto, Ontario
Iroquis Theater Fire, Chicago
140
Which type of staffing are personnel that reside at a fire station fully paid by jurisdiction?
Career (full-time)
Career (on-call)
Volunteer
Combination
141
Which of the following BEST describes proper rope storage conditions?
Clean, dry, unheated area
Open air area, may be stored outside
Clean area, may be shared with cleaning materials
Dry area with natural sunlight
142
Which of the following is a flame indicator for a possible backdraft?
Optically dense smoke
Turbulent smoke discharge
Fire confined to a void space
Little or no visible smoke
143
Why should a fire apparatus driver slow down when approaching a curve?
Posted speed limits may be too fast for the apparatus
Road conditions may not be safe for maneuver
Driver may not have enough driving experience
Apparatus may be over recommended weight limit
144
Heat of combustion is usually expressed in which of the following measurements?
Kilowatts (kW)
Kilojoules/gram (kJ/g)
Megawatts (MW)
Kilowatts per meter squared (kW/m2)
145
Which victim removal is best used when a structure can provide a barrier between victim/hazard?
Escape
Rescue
Self-evacuation
Shelter-in-place
146
A rope can be ___ from surface damage cause by chafing or dragging over splintered surfaces?
compressed
exposed to rust
weakened
unraveled
147
What type of portable extinguisher is useful in suppressing vapor from small liquid fuel spills
Wet chemical stored-pressure
Clean agent
Aqueous film forming foam
Pump-type water
148
What search method uses a team leader anchored at a door while other members spread out inside?
Oriented-search method
Thermal-imaging-search method
Wide-area-search method
General search method
149
Which BEST describes what firefighters can predict by identifying a structure's construction?
Similarities between residential & commercial structures
Changes to filed building plans
Types of smoke detectors in the structures
Where will spread and how quickly it will develop
150
The rapid intervention team (RIC/RIT) carries a spare SCBA to provide breathing air for:
any occupant the team may discover on the search.
any team member who runs low on breathable air.
a trapped occupant.
a downed firefighter.
151
Which program offers confidential assistance to employees with problems affecting the job?
Safety and health program
Wellness program
Employee assistance program
Stress and risk management program
152
What air management principal is based on how much is required to exit a dangerous environment?
Testing air consumption
Check air gauge
Point of no return
Average team gauge reading
153
The rapid intervention crew or team (RIT/RIC) is dispatched to locate:
firefighters needing relief.
downed firefighters.
incapacitated victims.
trapped victims or occupants.
154
Which position is trained to operate pumps and aerial devices in accordance with NFPA 1002?
Airport firefighter
Hazardous materials technician
Rescue technician
Fire apparatus driver/operator
155
Hydraulic prying tools can be used to:
pry, push, and pull.
strike, force, and move.
unlock, lock, and break.
cut, clean, and sharpen.
156
Which BEST describes the impact of an extinguishing agent when trying to extinguish combustion?
It speeds the combustion reaction.
It forms a stable product.
It creates a faster chemical reaction.
It burns more oxygen in a short amount of time.
157
Which of the following terms indicates how easily a substance will evaporate?
Specific gravity
Vapor pressure
Vapor gravity
Specific pressure
158
Which of the following rope cleaning methods cannot use cool water?
Washing machine
Rope washing device
Washing by hand
Natural fiber cleaning
159
Which of the following is valuable when more than one door must be forced?
Rescue tool
Power tool
Hydraulic ram
Hydraulic door opener
160
When checking power equipment, ensure that fuel, oil, hydraulic fluid are ___ & at proper level
warm
used
cool
fresh
161
Which officer supervises a group of fire companies and stations?
Fire marshal
Assistant/deputy chief
District/battalion chief
Company officer
162
Which fire prevention position makes presentations to inform the public about fire causes?
Fire and arson investigator
Public fire and life safety educator
Plans examiner
Fire protection engineer/specialist
163
Which MAYDAY situation occurs when an SCBA malfunctions?
Thermal emergencies
Lost/disoriented
Entanglement
Air emergencies
164
In the acronym LUNAR, the L stands for:
lifeline.
location.
lost/disoriented.
loose rubble.
165
Which NFPA standards recommends SCBA air cylinders be filled to no less than 90% capacity?
1500
1994
1852
1975
166
Trend change in fire service affected by regulations like OSHA 1910.120 & Superfund Act of 1986
Hazardous materials
Fire prevention and public safety education
All hazardous mitigation
Firefighter safety
167
What type of roof constitutes a dead load on the structural system and can be used as a garden?
Solar roof
Cold roof
Rain roof
Green roof
168
Which victim removal method operates on the principal that most occupants need minimal help?
Escape
Rescue
Shelter-in-place
Self-evacuation
169
What types of stairs are enclosed with fire rated construction & are part of a required egress?
Protected stairs
Fire stairs
Access stairs
Exterior stairs
170
What organization was formed in 1896 to develop codes intended to ensure fire and life safety?
National Society of Surveyors of Buildings
National Fire Protection Association
Philadelphia Fire Society
New York Fire Company
171
In the fire triangle removing any of the necessary elements causes the fire to:
extinguish.
die down and then reignite.
continue burning.
flare up.
172
Situational awareness allows firefighters to observe the exterior of a structure for signs of:
possible communications difficulties
types of fire detectors in use.
size and location of fire.
location of interior alterations.
173
Which position is trained to extinguish fire in outdoor vegetation in accordance with NFPA 1051
Wildland firefighter
Rescue technician
Airport firefighter
Fire apparatus driver/operator
174
What type of extinguisher uses an agent that is discharged as a rapidly evaporating liquid?
Wet chemical stored-pressure
Clean agent
Aqueous film forming foam
Pump-type water
175
What common building material results in lightweight material with high structural strength?
Reinforced concrete
Gypsum
Composite material
Plastic
176
The ___ is made from aluminum, titanium, or steel & connects ropes to other mechanical gear?
tag line
pully
tubular webbing
carabiner
177
Which is used in both structural and ground cover fire fighting operations?
Metal cutting device
Pick-head axe
Flat-head axe
Bolt cutter
178
Which of the following BEST describes miscible materials?
Mix in any proportion
Mix with certain materials
Readily mix
Do not mix
179
Which term is the temperature at which sufficient vapors are generated to sustain combustion?
Fire point
Flash point
Pressure point
Vapor point
180
Radio signals travel between the transmitter and receiver in either analog or ___ format.
text
vocal
scale
digital
181
A glass door that consist of a single sheet to which the door hardware is attached is called a:
revolving door.
hollow-core door.
flush door.
frameless door.
182
Which BEST describes the steps to take before removing SCBA in an IDLH atmosphere?
Test atmosphere with proper instruments, remove SCBA if safe
Never remove SCBA, IDLH atmosphere is too dangerous
Monitor atmosphere, remove SCBA if it causes fatigue
Visually inspect atmosphere, remove SCBA if it appears safe
183
Which is used as a supplemental lock for doors with or without other types of locks?
Mortise lock
Rim lock
Cylindrical lock
Electromagnetic lock
184
Which rescue method uses sections of webbing wrapped around a victim's body?
Moving on a litter
Webbing drag
Cradle-in-arms-carry
Incline drag
185
What is the only effective way to determine the presence of gases during a secondary search?
Watching how victims react
removing SCBA to check
Through air monitoring
Using visual clues
186
Which of the following adds a live load to the dead load already distributed on a roof?
Non-permitted structural modifications
Cold roof
Roof-mounted equipment
Rain roof
187
A lightweight concrete roof is usually finished with:
shingles and asphalt roll roofing.
metal panels and slate.
roofing felt and a mopping of tar.
roofing paper and tile.
188
A chemical reaction is when a substance:
has an internal change.
changes from one type of matter to another.
changes from liquid to a solid.
has no external change.
189
To prevent saw blades from binding into material a firefighter should start the cuts at:
the top of the door or wall.
full revolutions per minute.
horizontal angle.
slow speed.
190
Kernmantle construction is used for which of the following rope?
Braid-on-braid rope
Life safety rope
Braided rope
Laid rope
191
Which of the following BEST describes a limitation of fixed lights?
Noisy when equipped with a separate engine.
Constant exhaust and limited power supply
Number of units limited by location on scene
Number of units limited by power produced by generator
192
Which is used to distinguish among physical frequencies or channels in conventional systems?
Talkgroup
Ten-code
Clear text
Simplex
193
Dry chemical extinguishers should be shaken ___ to loosen the agent and prevent settling.
monthly
annually
daily
weekly
194
Most prying tools are constructed from single-piece high-carbon steel & are approximately:
20-26 inches (508mm - 660mm)
10-16 inches (254mm - 406mm)
40-46 inches (1016mm - 1168mm)
30-36 inches (762mm - 900mm)
195
What extinguisher rating is based on testing agents for electrical nonconductivity?
Multiple marking
Class K rating
Class C rating
Class A rating
196
Which type of injury can be prevented by proper use of exhaust systems?
Cuts and abrasions
Airborne contaminant exposure
Back and leg strains
Broken limbs
197
Which of the following is the BEST use for life safety webbing?
Carry hose, SCBA cylinders, and equipment
Raise and lower tools and equipment
Secure hose rolls and bundles together
Package and secure victims to litters
198
What fire development factor is the total quantity of combustible contents of a building?
Fuel type
Availability and location of additional fuel
Fuel load
Compartment volume and ceiling height
199
What extinguisher rating's minimum criteria is based on extinguishing fire in a deep fryer?
Class A rating
Class K rating
Class C rating
Class D rating
200
Which rescue method BEST enables the rescuer to move a victim up or down a stairway?
Seat/lift carry
Incline drag
Cradle-in-arms carry
Webbing drag
201
What part of structural firefighting PPE must meet ANSI Standard Z87.1?
Helmet
Protective coat
Boots
Prescription safety glasses
202
The technique used to gain access into a blocked/locked compartment/structure is known as:
nozzle and back-up.
forcible entry.
means of entry.
through-the-lock and rim.
203
Which of the following is the BEST statement about portable fire extinguishers?
Extinguisher doesn't take the place of a proper-sized hose.
Larger extinguishers may require a closer approach then.
Alternate between extinguishers when using more than one.
Dry chemical extinguishers are used for computer equipment.
204
What type of rope is used in any situation not involving life safety?
Escape rope
Water rescue rope
Life safety rope
Utility rope
205
The potential chemical energy of fuel in fire behavior is release as:
light.
smoke.
heat.
vapor.
206
What type of fuel first decomposes and then releases fuel vapor?
Solid
Gaseous
Liquid
Chemical
207
The standing part of a rope is:
used for pulling or hoisting.
used to tie the knot or hitch.
between two ropes of unequal diameters.
between the working end and running part.
208
Which of the following is the primary oxidizing agent in most fires?
Carbon
Methane
Oxygen
Hydrogen
209
A battering ram has one forked end and the other end is:
rounded.
flattened.
forked as well.
spiked.
210
Which has a short & straight blade that moves in and out like a handsaw?
Circular saw
Reciprocating saw
Rotary saw
Cahin saw
211
Which staff functions provides secretarial and record-keeping support for the department?
Information systems personnel
Clerical staff
Fire alarm maintenance personnel
Fire department health and safety officer
212
Which depends on repeaters to route calls assigning transmissions to available frequencies?
Talkgroup radio
Base station radio
Trunked system
Conventional system
213
What component in particleboard can post a health hazard due to outgassing?
Lumber particles and flakes
Recycled container plastic
Urea formaldehyde
Sheets of wood
214
A rope log must be kept throughout the:
entire life of a rope.
working life of a rope.
pre-determined length of time a local SOP requires.
time a rope is with the original purchaser.
215
Which of the following is the basic unit of the fire service?
Battalion
Company
Operations division
Brush company
216
Which of the following staff functions manages the collection and entry of electronic databases
Information systems personnel
Fire alarm maintenance personnel
Fire department health and safety officer
Clerical staff
217
Which permits an apparatus driver to anticipate potential driving hazards and how to respond?
Lack of driving skills
Defensive driving skills
Apparatus maintenance
Apparatus design
218
Which describes the BEST protection for firefighters during roadway operations?
Be visible and work behind barrier formed by apparatus
Be visible and work in front of barrier formed by apparatus
Be visible by wearing station uniform with reflective vest
Be visible by wearing proximity PPE with reflective vest
219
Which of the following is an advantage of natureal fiber rope?
Resistant to mold and mildew
Easy to maintain
Very strong yet lightweight
Does not melt when exposed to heat
220
What type of emergency scene lighting is used to light remote areas of an incident scene?
Apparatus electrical system
Fixed lights
Vehicle-mounted generator
Portable lights
221
What movable window has 2 or more sashes, one of which moves horizontally in the window frame?
Horizontal sliding
Awning
Projecting
Pivoting
222
Combustible products are generated more quickly as the surface-to-mass ratio:
stays constant.
Fluctuates back and forth.
increases.
decreases.
223
Shutting off the power to a structure will release a (an) ___ lock.
rim
mortise
cylindrical
electromagnetic
224
Exit indicators are BEST described as:
safety precautions taken during emergency operations.
situations/events based on the principal of the buddy system
situations or events that signal need for exit.
procedures used in life threatening situations.
225
What part of a fire escape may suffer from deterioration or may be inadequate for expected load
Stairs
Mortar
Landings
Anchor points
226
Which extinguishing method works by forming an oxygen-excluding soapy foam surface?
Cooling
Chain breaking
Saponification
Smothering
227
Which of the following determines the type & level of fire service needed to protect citizens?
State legislature
City council
Fire board
Authority having jurisdiction
228
To overcome physical barriers when using the radio, turn your body 90 degrees and:
bend at the waist.
lift the radio higher.
lower the antenna.
cover the microphone.
229
Which is installed on double doors & will lock one door while the other is used to entry/exit?
Door limiter
Door chain
Surface bolt
Flush bolt
230
Which is a standardized set of emergency-specific words/phrases used by fire departments?
Clear text
Multigroup call
Dynamic regrouping
Private call
231
Which NFPA standard sets minimum requirements for care/maintenance of personal & SCBA equipment
1582
1854
1403
1851
232
Which technique BEST helps create more survivable conditions for firefighters and occupants?
Performing fire attack and ventilation simultaniously
Immediately start inside search regardless of fire condition
Initiating fire attack before starting ventilation
Positive pressure ventilation during the entire fire attack.
233
Which MAYDAY situation occurs when a rise in temperature exceeds a PPE's level of protection?
Entanglement
Air management
Lost/disoriented
Thermal emergencies
234
The bight is formed by:
making a round turn around an object.
joining rope and chain.
joining two half-hitches.
bending rope back on itself while keeping the sides parallel
235
Marks that show a room has been searched should be on the ___ of a door or adjacent wall.
upper third
botom
top
lower third
236
Which of the following teams should perform the secondary search?
A team from another jurisdiction
The RIC/RIT
The same team as performed the primary search
A different team than performed the primary search.
237
Which of the following is the can be signaled by high levels of sugar in the blood?
Obesity
Cancer
Diabetes
Drug abuse
238
Air management during an air emergency:
decreases time for escape.
allows rescuers to stop search & rescue attempts.
requires staying until low pressure alarm activates.
increases time for escape.
239
Which fire growth factors includes building configuration, constructions materials, & contents?
Fuel type
Fuel load
Availability and location of additional fuel
Compartment volume and ceiling height
240
Where should a firefighter carry wire cutters to cut nonelectrical wire in case of entanglement
Attached to protective coat
In rear pocket of protective trousers
In an easily accessible pocket
Attached to SCBA harness
241
What common building component provides access or egress for different levels of a structure?
Floors/ceilings
Windows
Stairs
Walls
242
Which personal accountability system works by giving a passport to the Accountability Officer?
Passport system
Barcode system
GPS system
SCBA tag system
243
Which is BEST defined as quickly checking known/likely locations of victims in a structure?
Primary search
Overhaul
Scene management
Secondary search
244
What type of knot is used mostly on life safety rope to tie ropes of equal diameters together?
Bowline knot
Figure-eight bend
Clove hitch
Overhand safety knot
245
What type of reaction happens as water becomes vapor during fire suppression?
Exothermic
Potential
Kenetic
Endothermic
246
Which of the following is an example of an unprotected metal surface?
Rusty axe blade
Dry plated surface
Wet wooden handle
Chipped fiberglass handle
247
Which of the following types of companies provides access to upper levels of a structure?
Truck company
Engine company
Special rescue company
Rescue squad/company
248
When hoisting a ___, a tag line should be attached through the handle.
axe
hoseline
power saw
pike pole
249
Which BEST describes when emergency exit procedures are used?
If it is necessary to replace an air cylinder
In life threatening situations
When the situation is stabilized
During a change in operational strategy
250
Which auxiliary electrical equipment provides multiple outlets through one inlet?
Twist-lock receptacles
Adapter connections
Junction boxes
Electrical cables
251
What window component can slow access time in an emergency situation?
Sill
Frame
Glass pane
Security bars
252
Eliminating the use of all tobacco products can help:
reduce heart attack risk.
reduce cancer risk.
improve department public image.
improve department morale.
253
Which BEST describes how understanding the physical science of fire can help firefighters?
It helps in predicting potential fire behavior.
It keeps radiant heat from igniting fuel.
It keeps flaming combustion from beginning.
It helps in stopping rapid fire behavior from developing.
254
What suppression method involves introducing air or removal of hot gases and smoke?
Chemical flame inhibition
Oxygen exclusion
Ventilation
Temperature reduction
255
What trend change in fire service led to the National Commission on Fire Prevention & Control?
Firefighter safety
All hazard mitigaiton
Hazardous materials
Fire Prevention & public safety education
256
Preincident surveys are MOST likely to be performed on:
buildings undergoing renovation.
residential dwellings.
apartments.
new construction.
257
The tracking devices used to locate lost or disoriented firefighters have a range of about:
100 feet (30 m).
80 feet (24 m).
30 feet (9 m).
50 feet (15 m).
258
Which officer is responsible for supervising a fire company in the station?
Company officer
Fire marshal
District/battalion chief
Assistant/deputy chief
259
Which is a forcible entry tool used for cutting, prying, and digging?
Bolt cutter
Pick-head axe
Metal cutting device
Power saw
260
What thermal property of a space increases fire spread through radiant heat from walls to fuel?
Heat reflectivity
Insulation
Retention
Passive agents
261
Which protective breathing apparatus has a regulator/hose connection needing weekly inspection?
Hoses
PASS device
Backplate and harness assembly
Facepiece
262
Which is a departmental responsibility in the prevention of respiratory disease?
Cleaning SCBA liners
Wearing respiratory protection
Requiring SCBA to be worn
Refraining from smoking
263
Which is a fundamental rule to help minimize risk during emergency scene operations?
Employ the fastest tactic to achieve the end goal
Maintain communications with team and command
Wear appropriate PPE when possible
Remain in contact with team members when possible
264
What expelling mechanism works when compressed gas forces the agent out if the handle's pressed
Manual pump
Stored pressure
Pressure cartridge
Scoop
265
Which NFPA standard requires the establishment of a risk management program?
1403
1971
1500
1407
266
Which BEST describes the impact of higher oxygen concentrationon combustion?
Materials that don't burn at normal levels still don't burn.
Fires may be more difficult to extinguish.
Materials burn less intensely.
Nonflaming combustion will stop.
267
Which of the following is the leading cause of firefighter fatalities?
Respiratory disease
Cardiovascular disease
Obesity
Cancer
268
Which of the following rescue methods is similar to moving a victim on a stretcher?
Moving on a litter
Seat/lift carry
Incline drag
Cradle-in-arms carry
269
A dry powder extinguisher must ___ in order to create a smothering blanket.
be mixed with carbon dioxide (CO2)
penetrate the burning material
be mixed with foam
cover the burning material completely
270
Communications requires units to identify themselves in every:
repeated transmission.
transmission.
two-way radio transmission.
dispatch transmission.
271
Liquids with a specific gravity greater than 1 will:
sink below the surface.
turn into vapor.
float on the surface.
turn into solid.
272
Which of the following issues communication licenses to fire departments?
Personal Alert Safety Systems (PASS)
National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS)
Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP)
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
273
Which organizational principal establishes the max number of subordinates a supervisor manages?
Dicipline
Division of labor
Span of control
Chain of command
274
Which of the following is a typical duty for a Firefighter I?
Controlling a flammable gas fire
Completing a basic incident report
Responding to an emergency scene
Using SCBA
275
What NFPA defined cleaning is required when bodily fluids are not removed by other methods?
Specialized cleaning
Routine cleaning
Advanced cleaning
Contract cleaning
276
What type of portable fire extinguisher is used on fires & energized electrical equipment?
Class B
Class D
Class C
Class A
277
Which NFPA standard establishes the criteria for the re-use of life safety rope?
1500
1973
1983
1991
278
Which of the following enhanced the trend toward fire protection in the 1700's?
Advancements in technology
Formation of fire societies
Fines for fire codes
Use of iron structural members
279
Inspect power tools periodically and ensure they will start:
manually.
routinely.
automatically.
gradually.
280
What type of extinguisher has agents mixed with small amounts of additives to prevent caking?
Wet chemical stored-pressure
Dry chemical
Aqueous film forming foam
Pump-type water
281
In northern climates Type V construction may require 6 inch ___ for increased insulation?
exterior
security bars
structural frames
walls
282
Before entering a dangerous to life and health environment firefighters should be aware of:
when the last preincident survey was performed.
an alternate means of egress.
the types of smoke detectors present.
how up-to-date the building plans are.
283
What zone is calculated by estimating the height of the structure and multiplying by 1.5?
Hot zone
Cold zone
Collapse zone
Warm zone
284
Which statement BEST describes portable fire extinguisher selection?
Correct extinguisher is effective in extinguishing the fire.
Extinguisher ratings do not impact selection.
Correct extinguisher will always require an expert operator.
All types can be used regardless of the situation.
285
Flow path/rapid fire development can be influenced by changes in ventilation in fires that are:
ventilation-controlled.
uncontrolled.
fuel-controlled.
base-controlled.
286
Which of the following is the most common type of lockset?
Mortise lock
Cylindrical lock
Electromagnetic lock
Rim lock
287
Which BEST describes the actions taken if a rust stain is discovered in a rope?
Remove rope from service immediately & destroy
Remove rope from service & modify to remove rusted portion.
Inspect extent: remove if stain is halfway through rope
Inspect extent: remove is stain is 1/4 through rope
288
Both NFPA 1407 and 1451 define:
requirements for care of respiratory protection.
design criteria for protective clothing.
safety stand down practices.
safe training practices.
289
hoisting is often the fastest and safest way to get to upper floors with:
SCBA equipment.
Hoselines.
Spare SCBA bottles.
Portable generators.
290
Which of the following sensory clues can indicate the type of fuel in a fire?
Color of smoke
Heat felt through the doors
Sounds that indicate fire's intensity
Sagging support members
291
During the fire fighting operations water is used to:
allow the fire to burn until all the fuel is consumed.
controlling burning gases & reduce temp of the upper layer
flood the area in order to displace oxygen.
drive smoke and flames into unburned areas.
292
Which of the following is a disadvantage of synthetic fiber rope?
Melts when exposed to heat
Resistant to shrinkage, effects of ultraviolet light
Prone to mold and mildew
Never has hidden damage
293
Which position provides basic medical care & transportation for critical & emergency patients?
Paramedic
Advanced emergency medical technician
Emergency medical technician
Emergency medical responder
294
Which of the following duties would only be done by a Firefighter II?
Exiting a hazardous area
Responding to an emergency scene
Controlling a flammable gas fire
Attacking a vehicle fire
295
Which BEST describes the function of station/work uniforms?
Protect against physical, thermal, and liquid hazards
Identify wearer as member of organization
Reflect high levels of radiant heat
Provide buoyancy and thermal protection
296
In the wide-area-search, tethers are attached to the search lines ___ or at any point between.
steel rings
rope bag
beginning
end
297
What product of combustion binds with hemoglobin preventing oxygen distribution in the body?
Carbon monoxide
Smoke
Hydrogen cyanide
Thermal energy
298
What method is the transmission of energy as an electromagnetic wave without intervening medium
Potential
Convection
Radiation
Conduction
299
When forcing a door open, if it won't open in a normal fashion the next step is to:
force window to access lock.
look for lock box with key.
force the lock.
remove the hinge pins of a door.
300
Which organizational principal uses visible authority relationships to keep unity of command?
Discipline
Chain of command
Division of labor
Span of control
301
Which of the following is the BEST example of a procedure?
Steps to ventilate the roof of a structure
Building construction requirements
Smoking and non-smoking areas
Establishment of work hours
302
Temperature increase of a fuel and sufficient heat transfer are both parts of the process of:
chemical change
ignition.
physical change.
work capacity.
303
A radio is a type of:
telecommunications device.
public alerting system.
wired telegraph device.
recording system.
304
Respiratory equipment should be stored so it can be:
easily cleaned.
quickly and easily donned.
Easily transported.
quickly and easily modified.
305
Trend in the fire service that firefighters are usually first to be called to natural disasters
All hazardous mitigations
Firefighter safety
Hazardous materials
Fire prevention through public safety education
306
What type of fuel is already in the physical state required for ignition?
Solid
Liquid
Chemical
Gaseus
307
OSHA regulations are designed to ensure that work places:
are free of hazards that may cause death.
are free of all hazards.
contain no hazards on the job.
are clean and well maintained.
308
A structures construction type is classified by local building codes and the:
cost of construction.
property owners construction designs.
materials used in construction.
length of time construction requires.
309
What of flashover is not an instantaneous spread of complete involvement but happens in seconds
Rapidity
Compartment
Transition in fire development
Ignition of all exposed surfaces
310
Which BEST describes the relationship needed for release of potential chemical energy in fuel?
It can release on its own with outside energy
Autoignition temperature is required for it to release
It can only release during the piloted ignition process
Thermal kinetic energy is needed to release it
311
Which staff functions oversees a department's occupational safety and health program?
Clerical staff
Fire department health and safety officer
Fire alarm maintenance personnel
Communications personnel
312
Which event resulted in an emphasis on communication between agencies during disasters?
World Trade Center and Pentagon Attacks
Iroquois Fire, Chicago
Murrah Building Bombing, Oklahoma City
Great Fire of 1904, Toronto, Canada
313
Which of the following is the BEST use for utility webbing?
Fasten rescue components together
Package and secure victims to litters
Control inward-swinging door when being forced opened
Construct technical rescue anchor systems
314
Isolated flames in the gas layer during the growth stage indicates:
that portions of the payer are within flammable range.
There is not sufficient temperature for ignition.
the concentration of combustion products are low.
hot and cool gases are mixing together.
315
What is the MOST effective protection for firefighter health if respiratory hazards are present
Leave the scene until the hazard is gone
Create a safe zone away from the hazard
Ensure the hazard is removed
Wear appropriate protection
316
Which personnel are fully paid by the jurisdiction and summoned by a community signal?
Privately funded
Career (full-time)
Publicly funded
Career (on-call)
317
Which of the following gives reinforced concrete both compressive and tensile strength?
Steel rebar or wire mesh
Lath and plaster
Copper wiring
Drywall
318
A _______ is a set of protocols or procedures developed by a committee through consensus.
procedure
policy
standard
directive
319
Which types of documents may be found in a pre-plan book along with pre-incident surveys?
Area incident histories
Fire prevention inspections
Insurance contact
Weather reports
320
Which external communications begins with an alert to stations, apparatus, or individuals?
Dispatching non-emergency services.
Receiving non-emergency calls.
Receiving emergency calls.
Dispatching emergency services.
321
What type of structure is classified by primary function when containing multiple types of uses
Type I
Type III
Single-use
Separated use
322
Which of the following is an organizational characteristic of the fire service?
Integrity
Personal responsibility
Command structure
Work ethic
323
Which of the following is a key to maintaining personal health as a firefighter?
Clean all PPE at least once annually.
Maintain regular exercise program.
Keep up-to-date on vaccinations when convenient.
Establish a safety and health committee.
324
What structures do firefighters only have access to building plans during new construction time
Chemical processing plant structures
Multi-use structures
Big box store structures
Residential structures
325
Which design feature is required for structural firefighting protective coats by NFPA 1971?
SCBA facepiece pockets
Cargo pockets
Closure system
Reinforcement in high compression areas
326
SCBA cylinder pressure readings are most accurate:
When being actively used.
when not being actively used.
at or near the upper range of the gauge.
at or near the lower range of the gauge.
327
Which piece of breathing apparatus has all buckles, fasteners, & adjustments inspected weekly?
Facepiece
PASS device
Hoses
Backplate and harness assembly
328
Which of the following may be exempt from local building codes?
School buildings
Postal facilities
Business structures
Industrial factories
329
Laid natural fiber rope is removed from service:
when it is destroyed through use.
after its manufacturer-determined service period is over.
when internal wear becomes obvious.
after it can no longer be cleaned.
330
Which program assists employees with health-related problems?
Employee assistance program
Safety and health program
Wellness program
Stress and risk management program
331
Which defines the boundaries and standards that administration expects members to use?
Directive
Code
Procedure
Policy
332
What conditions can affect fire behavior during fire in a structure with Type III construction?
High concentration of wood contributing to fire intensity
Structural members composed of limited-combustible materials
Walls & floors that are fire resistant for 3-4 hours
Voids inside wooden channels that can allow fire to spread
333
What search method has a dedicated search line with team members carrying individual tethers?
General search method
Thermal-imaging-search method
Oriented-search method
Wide-area-search method
334
Which BEST describes the impact of an SCBA's extra weight when exiting an apparatus with it on?
It can make slips & falls more likely.
It may be exposed to physical hazards.
If may shift more easily and decrease wearer protection.
It can be damaged more easily.
335
A (An) ___ reaction emits energy as it occurs.
exothermic
kenetic
endothermic
potential
336
One step toward safety with tools and equipment is to:
inspect tools before use.
modify tools before use.
use tools until unsafe for use.
remove safety shield before use.
337
What was the NFPA standard published in 1897?
Building Safety Code
Fire Safety Code
National Electric Code
National Fire Code
338
If there is any doubt about the strength of kernmantle rope, it must be:
inspected for irregularities.
downgraded to utility rope.
inspected for metal shavings.
downgraded to remove rust.
339
A common safety measure for mounting and dismounting the apparatus is:
wear hearing protection.
use steps and handrails.
secure all loose tools and equipment
close cab doors.
340
Which of the following is powered by the the take-off system?
Apparatus electrical system
Vehicle-mounted generator
Portable lights
Portable electric generator
341
What is the purpose of the member assistance and wellness program required by NFPA 1500?
Keep firefighters & families completely healthy
Help with with personal problems that might affect the job
Keep firefighters & families from needing outside counseling
Help with personal problems that cause financial problems
342
What type of extinguisher is often used for extinguishing confined hot spots during overhaul?
Dry chemical
Stored-pressure water
Clean agent
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
343
Which respiratory hazards develops from vehicle exhaust, chemical reactions ,& combustion?
Particulate contaminants
Elevated temperatures
Gases and vapors
Oxygen deficiency
344
Which of the following is the proper way to prevent exposure-related diseases?
Follow proper nutrition
Use correct protective clothing when treating patients
Exercise and have an annual exam
Prohibit smoking in department facilities
345
Which BEST describes information escaped occupants can provide?
Where shelter-in-place may be possible
Who should enter the structure first
Who might still be inside a structure
Where to start the fire attack and ventilation
346
What structural firefighting PPE protects the head from impact injuries by objects or falls?
Eye protection devices
Protective coat
Helmet
Boots
347
What equipment limitation of respiratory equipment can hinder voice communication?
Limited visibility
Decreased endurance
Poor condition of apparatus
Decreased ability to communicate
348
Which of the following is the BEST place to record rope inspection results?
Station bulletin board
Rope log
Rope bag
Incident report
349
A ___ roof generally has a slight slope toward the outer edge to facilitate drainage.
mansard
sawtooth
arched
flat
350
What fire development will change a 2-layer form to a single mixed untenable hot gas condition
Backdraft
Smoke explosion
Combustion
Flashover
351
Which of the masonry may crack but still retain strength and structural stability?
Stones
Mortar
Bricks
Concrete blocks
352
What part of wildland PPE must close securely around boot tops?
Trousers
Long-sleeve shirts
Jackets
Jumpsuits
353
What type of door rotates around a vertical axis by means of hinges secured to side jambs?
Swinging doors
Sliding doors
Revolving doors
Folding doors
354
Which of the following BEST describes a goal of safety and health programs?
To prevent all on-the-job hazards.
To instruct firefighters on how to avoid on-the-job hazards.
To prevent damage to equipment.
Instruct firefighters/families how to handle hazard results.
355
Which BEST describes how private fire and emergency services organizations are funded?
By the parent organization through taxes and fees
By the community through taxes and fees
By the community through contracts
By the parent organization through contracts
356
Power tools should only be operated by:
those who have read & understand the operation instructions.
the person who cleaned it last.
those who have previously seen the tool used.
the person who purchased it.
357
What firefighting PPE assists in attempting to locate trapped or incapacitated firefighters?
Eye protection devices
Hearing protection devices
PASS device
Drag rescue device
358
Which position is certified in tasks related to airport operations in accordance with NFPA 1003
Airport firefighter
Hazardous materials technician
Fire apparatus driver/operator
Rescue technician
359
What NFPA standard requires portable fire extinguishers be inspected at least once a year?
1001
14
1500
10
360
What search method is used to detect heat through barriers?
General search method
Wide-area-search method
Thermal-imaging-search method
Oriented-search method
361
Which is the MOST likely place recent amendments to department policies would be posted?
On apparatus bay doors
On crew sleeping quarter doors
On the wall of administrative offices
On a bulletin board
362
Power saws may be powered by a battery pack, gasoline engine, or:
electricity.
a hydraulic pump.
an air compressor.
a vacuum pump.
363
Which is BEST used to determine the type of room a firefighter is in when visibility is limited
Objects identified by touch
Fire detectors present
Fire protection systems present
Locations of doors and windows
364
Which BEST describes who must perform annual inspection and maintenance for SCBA?
Special experts with training in routine cleaning
Specially trained, factory qualified technicians
Local technicians with SCBA experience
SCBA manufacturers only
365
Which BEST describes the results of the combustion of methane and oxygen?
It produces carbon monoxide and formaldehyde.
It produces carbon monoxide.
It produces carbon dioxide and formaldehyde.
It produces formaldehyde.
366
Which of the following are signs of damage in laid natural fiber rope?
Excessive stretching
Abrasions or fuzziness
Irregularities in weave
Brittle or ruptured fibers
367
Which BEST describes how public fire and emergency services organizations are funded?
By the community through sales of service
By the community through taxes and fees
By the parent organization through contracts
By the parent organization through taxes and fees
368
Which may help with ambient noise when communicating with a radio?
Earplugs
Standing too close to apparatus
Solar powered transmitters
Noise canceling microphones
369
Which BEST describes the effect of steel in urban construction on potential for terrible fires?
Combined large numbers of people with limited escape means
Created the need for fire regulations
Greatly reduced fire potential
Placed ignition sources within structures
370
Which of the following is the BEST example of a policy?
Steps to handle haz-mat spills
Steps to ventilate the roof of a structure
Smoking and non-smoking areas
Building constructions requirements
371
Which BEST describes damage to look for during routine inspection on PPE?
Look for thermal damage, including charring and melting
Ensure prescription safety glass lenses meet ANSI Z87.1
Confirm SCBA facepiece fits in provided pocket
Check coat & trouser overlap is a minimum of 2 inches
372
What part of the FBAR's system contains the connection fittings, control valves & gauges?
Emergency air storage
Low air pressure alarms
Remote air fill panels
Fire department air connections panel
373
Which agency can assist the fire service by alerting the public with evacuations are necessary?
Utility companies
Emergency disaster managment
Public works
Media
374
A safety program established by NFPA 1500 must include provisions for which non-emergency issue
Communicable diseases
Drug abuse
Driving apparatus hazards
Firefighting hazards
375
Which of the following can be used to prevent knot failure?
Clove hitch
Half-hitch knot
Overhand safety knot
Bowline knot
376
A portable fire extinguisher laying on its side signals it is:
empty.
ready for use.
finished with yearly maintenance.
out of service because of an operational flaw.
377
Which of the following can firefighters use to cut steel reinforced bars in concrete walls?
Power saws
Handsaws
Botl cutters
Rebar cutters
378
Which PPE is designed to provide impact, penetration, and electrical insulation protection?
Medical helmet
Footwear
Eye/face protection device
Facemmask
379
The search mode of a tracking device used to locate firefighters displays distance & direction:
away from another transceiver
away from the fire origin.
toward all egress points.
toward another transceiver.
380
Which accountability system works on radar/radio transmitters or trackers placed on PPE?
SCBA tag system
Passport system
Control board system
Electronic accountability system
381
Which of the following BEST describes that a rope log must include?
Type of fiber and length of rope
Location of rope purchase
Rope construction type
Product label, use, and maintenance
382
Which of the following positions is trained in accordance with NFPA 472?
Fire apparatus driver/operator
Hazardous materials technician
Airport firefighter
Rescue technician
383
Which extinguishing method works by reducing burning material below ignition temperature?
Saponification
Cooling
Chain breaking
Smothering
384
Which victim removal method may require removing debris from a pinned victim?
Self-evacuation
Rescue
Shelter-in-place
Escape
385
What type of construction is incorrectly referred to as fireproof?
Type IV
Type II
Type I
Type III
386
What roof causes difficulty in vertical ventilation & is made to prevent heat rising to attic?
Solar roof
Green roof
Rain roof
Cold roof
387
What type of SCBA cylinder has an indefinite service life until it fails hydrostatic testing?
Fully wrapped Kevlar
Steel and aluminum
Hoop-wrapped aluminum
Fully wrapped fiberglass
388
Ensuring that PPE is ready and in its proper locations is a key for what aspect of the ICS?
Preparedness
Emergency scene safety
Situational awareness
Safety at roadway incidents
389
Saws or saw blades should match the:
task and material.
size and application.
power source and wiring.
hardware and composite.
390
What type of fire door uses a fusible link that melts from the heat of a fire to function?
Rolling fire door
Revolving door
Swinging fire door
Horizontal sliding fire door
391
What common building material is a process rather then a single material?
Lath and plaster
Composite material
Masonry
Gypsum
392
Which is the BEST description of license requirements for responding in private vehicles?
Requirements vary by jurisdiction
Requirements vary by department
Requirements vary by state/province
Requirements vary by country
393
Which is a chemical reaction that may increase the temp of a material without adding extra heat
Sparking
Spontaneous ignition
Resistance heating
Self-heating
394
Which of the following produce bright white emissions during the combustion process?
Combustible metals and alloys
Textiles and plastics
Lubricating oils
Cooking oils
395
According to the concept of risk management, responders will NOT risk their lives to save:
lives and property at risk of being damaged.
lives and property already lost.
savable lives.
savable property.
396
Rising heat & smoke can cause what metal to reach critical temperatures, even at ceiling level?
Cast iron
Steel
Aluminum
Wrought iron
397
Which of the following is an example of internal communications?
Public alerting systems
Dispatch transmissions
Non-emergency calls
Enhanced 9-1-1 calls
398
Unburned fuel gases that contact a source of ignition can cause a:
backdraft.
flashover.
smoke explosion.
rollover.
399
The Code of Federal Regulations defines the N of particulate filters as:
resistant to oil.
not resistant to oil.
resistant to nitrogen based gases.
non resistant to nitrogen based gases
400
What mode of combustion produces a visible flame above a materials surface?
Nonflaming
Physical
Flaming
Chemical
401
What piece of breathing apparatus must have pressure readings within manufacturers limits?
Facepiece
Pressure indicator gauge
Hoses
Backplate and harness assembly
402
Which position possess advanced knowledge & skills to provide patient care & transportation?
Paramedic
Emergency medical responder
Emergency medical technician
Advanced emergency medical technician
403
Structural modifications that meet local building codes are called:
decking and coverings.
permitted structural modifications.
penetrations and openings.
nonpermitted structural modifications.
404
Which of the following should be performed first after being given orders to force entry?
Tool selection
Look for the lockbox
Try a numeric keypad combination.
Try before you pry
405
The loop is formed by:
joining two half-hitches
crossing the side of a bight over the standing part.
making a round turn around an object.
joining loop and chain.
406
Which of the following types of webbing may be carried in a protected coat pocket?
Utility webbing
Class II life safety harness
Class III life safety harness
Class I life safety harness
407
Which fire prevention position ensures fire protection systems comply with local safety codes?
Public and life safety educator
Fire prevention inspector
Fire protection engineer/specialist
Fire and arson investigator
408
Which BEST describes how OSHA regulations are applied?
They apply to federal & private employees who fight fires.
They apply in no states.
They apply in all states.
They apply to federal employees who fight fires.
409
Once the proper extinguisher is selected, you must check to ensure the external condition:
has been properly inspected.
records the last maintenance performed.
indicates it is in the operable range.
shows no apparent damage.
410
Which of the following is used to transmit calls to two or more talkgroups?
Clear text
Dynamic regrouping
Multigroup call
Private call
411
Which term describes the energy released per unit of time as fuel burns?
Heat of combustion
Thermal energy
Chemical energy
Heat release rate
412
Which of the BEST describes the impact of altering PPE?
May cause misidentification with Incident Command
May significantly increase heart rate and skin temperature
May void manufacture's warranty and endanger lives
May cause confusion at an incident scene
413
To create a protected work area at a roadway incident:
deploy on-scene floodlights.
use warning signs and cones.
park vehicle with wheels turned towards incident.
use emergency flashers on apparatus to detour traffic.
414
What common building material is also known as drywall or Sheetrock?
Masonry
Lath and plaster
Gypsum
Composite material
415
PPE components must be compatible because each type of PPE:
is only intended to protect from specific hazards.
only fits with specific other components.
works the same way, no matter what the environment.
must match in order to protect the wearer.
416
Which BEST describes why firefighters must use SCBA during overhaul?
Hazardous levels above short term exposure limit are present
Volume & density of smoke is reduced, & hazard is eliminated
Removing SCBA takes time away from completing tasks
Smoke isn't like other flammable gases;it won't explode/burn
417
Which of the following BEST describes a rollover?
Rapidly increasing volume and turbulence of smoke
Ignition of unburned fire gases at the top of a compartment
Bi-directional smoke movement in a doorway
Gases forming into layers according to temperature
418
What firefighting PPE provides limited protection from flame, hot water, and other hazards?
Helmet
Eye protection devices
Protective coat
Boots
419
Which sensory clue will help a firefighter determine if a floor will support weight?
Sounding the floor
Watching the color of the smoke in a room.
Looking for sagging support members
Feeling for heat
420
Which common building material can be used for siding, pipes, and decorative uses?
Composite material
Plastic
Gypsum
Reinforced concrete
421
Which fire service cultural strength requires doing the right thing simply because it's right?
Courage
Integrity
Moral character
Work ethic
422
Which is the BEST way to overcome cultural challenges present in the fire service?
Resist changes to department standard procedures
Treat new personnel as you would want to be treated
Associate with people of similar world views
Do not participate in the decision making process
423
Which fire prevention positions performs periodic inspections of various types of occupancies?
Fire and arson investigator
Plans examiner
Public fire and life safety educator
Fire prevention officer/inspector
424
Which is useful during natural disasters to clear trees, limbs, & debris?
Chain saw
Hydraulic prying tool
Manual prying tool
Hand saw
425
Which of the following BEST describes hoisting safety guidelines?
Always get permission from IC first
Always use a pulley system, no matter what the equipment
Always hoist tools & equipment, even if hand carrying works
Work in teams when working from heights
426
According to NFPA 1500, fire facilities must:
be located within 5 blocks of a town center.
to be open to the public at least 8 hours a day.
have space and means for storing infection control devices.
have space for every firefighter to have a private bunk.
427
Safety and health program requirements impact:
both individuals and departments.
both departments and state governments.
only department-level administrators.
only state-level administrators.
428
Which is needed to cut bars, grilles, gates that cannot be cut easily with normal devices?
Power saws
Cutting torches
Chain saws
Axes
429
Which BEST describes who should actively monitor size-up throughout an incident?
First firefighter on scene
Escaped occupants
All personnel
Highest ranking officer on scene
430
Which is the responsibility of each firefighter as part of the ICS system?
Advise supervisor of changes in situation
Report to several supervisors
Withdraw from hazardous areas individually
Focus on one aspect of the situation at a time
431
Which of the following staff functions maintains municipal fire alarm systems?
Fire department health and safety officer
Fire alarm maintenance personnel
Clerical staff
Communications personnel
432
Which is a locking device where brackets are bolted to a door & a metal bar rests on them?
Surface bolt
Drop bar
Door limiter
Door chain
433
Which of the following is very reliable but only transmits their location, not emergency type?
Wired telegraph circuit box
Radio alarm box
Telephone fire alarm box
Two-way radio
434
Visibility at a roadway incident can be increased by:
wearing high visibility vests.
deploying on-scene floodlights.
keeping an eye on moving traffic.
creating a protected work area.
435
A substance that is chemically the same, but has changed in size, shape, or appearance has had:
a chemical shift.
a physical change.
a cellular alteration.
a chemical reaction.
436
Which respiratory hazard is produces by incomplete combustion of nitrogen/carbon substances?
Hydrogen cyanide
Carbon monoxide
Phosgene
Sulfer dioxide
437
What type of knot is a good way to tie a closed loop?
Bowline knot
Figure-eight on bight
Clove hitch
Figure-eight bend
438
The results of hydrostatic testing must be:
reported to the station manager and manufacturer.
recorded every two months.
affixed to the extinguisher shell.
Posted on the wall next to the extinguisher location.
439
Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) extinguishers are not suitable for:
Class A, Class C, or Class K fuels.
Class B, Class D, or Class K fuels
Class C, Class D, or Class K fuels
Class A, Class D, or Class K fuels.
440
What type of knot forms a single loop that will not constrict?
Half-hitch knot
Bowline knot
Clove hitch
Overhand safety knot
441
Which of the following is a smoke indicator of a possible flashover?
Darkening smoke
Bi-directional movement in smoke
Isolated flames in hot gas layer o near ceiling
Darkened windows
442
Breaking door glass when forcing a door is one of the fastest & ___ entry techniques:
most destructive
least constructive
least destructive
most constructive
443
What fire trend change led to publication of 16 Firefighter Life Safety Initiatives in 2004
Hazardous materials
Firefighter safety
Fire prevention and public safety education
All hazard mitigation
444
What fire growth factor includes the impact of windows, gaps in construction, & HVAC systems?
Ventilation
Compartment volume and ceiling height
Ambient conditions
Availability and location of additional fuel
445
Which of the following is never used for life safety rescue?
Class III harness
Water rescue throw line
Utility rope
Escape rope
446
Which are the two main types of injuries that firefighters encounter?
Strains and bruises
Strokes and heart attacks
Heart attacks and strains
Bruises and strokes
447
What influences a revolving doors effectiveness as a fire barrier?
The material it is constructed with
The construction method
The way it operates
The style it is designed with
448
What building component can include multiple levels resting on piers & earth stabilized columns
Foundations
Floors/Ceilings
Walls
Windows
449
What type of walls are most difficult when forcing entry into or escaping an area?
Load-bearing walls
Exterior walls
Non-load-bearing walls
Partition walls
450
Which type of company performs fire suppression at structure, vehicle, wildland, & other fires?
Rescue squad/company
Engine company
Brush company
Special rescue company
451
Keeping your back as straight as possible & lifting with your legs can help prevent what?
Back and leg strains
Broken limbs
Cuts and abrasions
Airborne contaminant exposure
452
Which of the following was the first fire organization in America?
Philadelphia Fire Society
New York Fire Company
Surveyors of Buildings
Union Volunteer Fire Company
453
A simplex system is defined as when:
a two-way radio dispatch transmits a message.
communication transmits both directions.
a repeater system uses two frequencies.
one radio transmits and another receives.
454
Which BEST describes the goal of the Novoclimat standard used in Canadian construction?
Intended to make vertical ventilation in homes easier
Intended to make homes more energy efficient/insulated
Intended to regulate the types of materials used in homes
Intended to trap thermal heat and fire gases in homes
455
Which of the following is a typical duty of the line personnel?
Haz-mat training
Maintenance
Human resources
Fire suppression
456
In Type I construction, fire walls are used:
to divide two areas within a structure.
for both exterior and interior applications.
to limit fire spread through structures.
for support weight of the structure.
457
What type of special protective clothing must meet the requirements of NFPA 1994?
Proximity firefighting
CBRN
Ice rescue
Technical rescue
458
Which outside agency can assist the fire service with heavy equipment for confined-space rescue
Utility companies
Emergency disaster management
Public works
Media
459
In what mode of combustion is a smoldering glow on a materials surface produced?
Nonflaming
Flaming
Physical
Chemical
460
Which term refers to the chemical decomposition of a substance through the action of heat?
Pyrolysis
Fire point
Flash point
Vapor pressure
461
What part of SCBA equipment allows cylinders to be transfilled from another cylinder?
RIC universal air coupling
Remote pressure gauge
End-of-service indicators
Facepiece assembly
462
The working end of a rope is used:
to tie a knot or hitch.
to secure a victim's hands or feet when dragging to safety.
to stabilize objects being hoisted.
as a safety measure when tying another knot.
463
Which fire service cultural strength requires confronting fear & uncertainty on the job?
Work ethic
Integrity
Courage
Moral character
464
What heat transfer method is the transfer of heat through and between solids?
Convection
Potential
Radiation
Conduction
465
Splinters are eliminated from a wooden handle of an entry tool by:
painting.
washing.
soaking.
sanding.
466
Which fire resulted in NFPA changes in sprinkler and crowd management in assembly occupancies?
Station Nightclub Fire, West Warwick, Rhode Island
Iroquois Theater Fire, Chicago
Ringling Bros Circus Fire, Hartford, Connecticut
Our Lady of the Angels School Fire, Chicago
467
Which of the following is an example of a striking tool?
Saw
Pike-pole
Hook
Flat-head axe
468
When using the FEMA US&R marking system, what is noted to the left of the X?
Victims and condition
Hazards
Time of completion
Search unit
469
When escaping through a window on the ground floor, lower yourself ___ first to the ground.
back
feet
head
hands
470
Which of the following types of rope is used exclusively as utility rope?
Static kernmantle rope
Dynamic kernmantle rope
Braided rope
Laid rope
471
Electrical shock, inhalation exposure, and collapse are safety considerations for what roof?
Cold roof
Rain roof
Green roof
Photovoltaic roof
472
Which position provides basic emergency medical care/transport for critical/emergency patients?
Emergency medical technician
Paramedic
Advanced emergency medical technician
Emergency medical responder