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Final Exam Review Quiz
Final Exam Review Quiz
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An#experimental psychology review
Flashcards
100 cards
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Questions
100
Answers
1
What was the dependent variable in the Hess (1975) study?
attractiveness
pupil size
affiliation
shock severity
2
When should you perform an a priori test?
after you discover a main effect and interaction effect
when you’ve made no predictions about group differences
after you discover a main effect
when you’ve made predictions about group differences
3
We obtain _____ when we describe an experiment as ask for a subject's written permission.
confidentiality
assent
anonymity
informed consent
4
The ACT has been used in college admissions because of its ______ validity.
predictive
face
content
construct
5
Sherlock Holmes' _____ was legendary (and fictional).
deduction
serendipity
intuition
induction
6
When do you use a two-way analysis of variance?
two independent variables with nominal data
when there is an independent variable with two levels
two independent variables with interval or ratio data
when there are three or more independent variables
7
If Kim scored high on her first attempt and lower on her second, this implies
subject mortality threat.
statistical regression threat.
maturation threat.
testing threat.
8
Multivariate means
more than one independent variable.
more than one level of an independent variable.
more than one dependent variable.
all of these are correct
9
How many a priori tests may you perform?
1 minus the total number of subjects
1 minus the total degrees of freedom in the numerator
all possible comparisons
1 minus the total number of groups
10
The study by ____ classically conditioned fear responses in participants paralyzed by scoline.
Milgram
Brady
Bramel
Campbell
11
Agreement among judges on the rating for a performance is called
split-half reliability.
concurrent validity.
interrater reliability.
interitem reliability.
12
When there are two independent variables, how many interactions are possible?
2
4
3
1
13
Which affects external validity?
sampling method
assignment of subjects to conditions
imposition of units
demand characteristics
14
What kind of variable is time of day?
physical
social
construct
procedural
15
Which threat confounded early studies of the effect of parent help on academic achievement?
selection
regression
testing
selection-interaction
16
Assigning friendlier participants to the experimental group can result in which threat?
statistical regression
subject mortality
selection
testing
17
What determines the shape of an
F
distribution?
degrees of freedom in the numerator and denominator
degrees of freedom in the numerator (only)
the selected alpha level
degrees of freedom in the denominator (only)
18
When you randomly sample within five different zip codes, you are using _____ sampling.
quota
stratified random
purposive
cluster
19
Which form of validity is the most superficial?
face
construct
predictive
content
20
Compare the degrees of freedom for a matched-groups
t-
test and an independent-groups
t-
test?
matched groups has twice the degrees of freedom
matched groups has half of the degrees of freedom
independent groups has half the degrees of freedom
matched groups has the same number of degrees of freedom
21
Why is a one-tailed
t
-test potentially more powerful than a two-tailed
t-
test?
its critical value is larger
its critical value is smaller
it has a smaller critical region
its obtained value is larger
22
If you accept the null hypothesis when it is false, you have
committed a Type 1 error.
confounded your experiment.
made the correct decision.
committed a Type 2 error.
23
Males received false heart rate feedback in the ____ study.
Brady
Bramel
Donnerstein, Linz, and Penrod
Milgram
24
What does placing or removing trash cans on a beach to measure the effect on litter illustrate?
naturalistic observation
field study
field experiment
participant-observer study
25
_____ occurs when an extraneous variable affects the dependent variable across conditions.
A higher-order interaction
Confounding
A main effect
An interaction
26
A balanced Latin square is superior to a basic Latin square because it controls _____.
symmetrical and asymmetrical carryover
subject variables
demand characteristics
order effects and symmetrical carryover
27
What does a single-blind experiment control?
Rosenthal effect
demand characteristics
experimenter bias
demand characteristics and experimenter bias
28
Sam participated in the experimental condition and not the control condition in a _______.
repeated measures design
between-subjects design
correlational study
within-subjects design
29
Which of these is expressed in equations and applies to all situations?
hypothesis
model
law
theory
30
What do we can call significant variability associated with one independent variable?
an interaction effect
confounding
a maximum interaction
a main effect
31
Select the random sampling method with the smallest margin of error?
systematic random sampling
stratified random sampling
simple random sampling
cluster sampling
32
Which of these provides an interim explanation and is supported by most studies?
model
theory
law
hypothesis
33
What was the independent variable in the Hess (1975) study?
pupil size
attractiveness
shock severity
affiliation
34
You would first try _____ to control room noise.
elimination
balancing
random assignment
constancy of conditions
35
Dr. Smith administers a survey to all the students in her class in _____ sampling.
cluster
simple random
convenience
quota
36
When a briefer measurement period produces identical results to a longer one, it has achieved
predictive validity.
construct validity.
face validity.
concurrent validity.
37
After performing an
F-
test, when may you follow up with a post hoc test?
you may always perform a post hoc test
when the F-test is not significant
when the F-statistic is greater than 1
when the F-test is significant
38
Which statistical test would you use to analyze a within-subjects design with two conditions?
one-way ANOVA
t-test for independent groups
t-test for matched groups
two-way ANOVA
39
_____ assigns a subject to each condition only once.
Subject-by-subject counterbalancing
Reverse counterbalancing
Across-subjects counterbalancing
Block randomization
40
Which test would you use when you only randomly assign subjects to one of two conditions?
t-test for matched groups
one-way ANOVA
repeated measures ANOVA
t-test for independent groups
41
The second A in an ABA design refers to _____.
return to baseline
a post-check
reinstatement of the treatment
none of these
42
Temperature measured in degrees Fahrenheit illustrates a _____ scale.
interval
ratio
ordinal
nominal
43
At least ___ factors are needed to have a higher-order interaction.
2
3
5
4
44
Which scale is implied when a runner places third?
ordinal
ratio
nominal
interval
45
Which scale provides the most information regarding a dependent variable's magnitude?
interval
ordinal
ratio
nominal
46
Your rank in a marathon represents which measurement scale?
ordinal
ratio
interval
nominal
47
If there is no treatment effect, the
F-
ratio should be about
1.
10.
-1.
5.
48
Which hypothesis do we directly test in an experiment?
H0
alternative
H1
all of these
49
Which form of validity is most concerned with representativeness?
face
construct
content
predictive
50
What does watching children play through a one-way mirror illustrate?
unobtrusive measures
field experiment
naturalistic observation
participant-observer study
51
When a psychological test is valid, it
measures accurately and produces consistent results.
produces consistent results (only).
measures accurately (only).
is low in imposition of units (only).
52
Which minimum level of measurement is required to perform a
t
-test or
F
-test?
ordinal
nominal
ratio
interval
53
Which most risks confounding?
all subjects are run in a soundproofed room
friends are exclusively run in the experimental condition
subjects are randomly assigned to sessions
an experimenter treats both groups with equal friendliness
54
A two-way ANOVA can have
two main effects.
two main effects and an interaction effect.
an interaction effect.
one main effect.
55
Which measure of central tendency is the middle score of a distribution?
median
mean
mode
range
56
When do we reject the null hypothesis for a
t-
test?
t obtained = t critical
t critical is greater than t obtained
t obtained is less than t critical
t obtained is greater than t critical
57
How would we categorize your willingness to explore new situations?
subject variable
social variable
environmental variable
task variable
58
Which is a nonconstruct variable?
anxiety
intelligence
reaction time
personality
59
Since we cannot directly observe motivation, it is a
hypothetical construct.
social variable.
nonconstruct variable.
physical variable.
60
What does a double-blind experiment control?
placebo effects
demand characteristics
experimenter bias
all of these
61
In a
F-
test, variability due to random errors and subject variables is called
the main effect due to factor A.
within-groups variance.
between-groups variance.
an interaction effect.
62
A within-subjects design mainly controls for ____ variables.
social
task
subject
environmental
63
The purpose of aggregation is to
increase external validity.
control individual differences.
increase internal validity.
reduce confounding.
64
What does between-group variance contain?
random errors (only)
subject variables (only)
all of these
treatment effects (only)
65
Which of these underlies our preference for the simplest explanation?
replication
self-correction
parsimony
modus tollens
66
____ interactions are possible with three treatments.
Four
Three
Five
Two
67
When more subjects drop out of one condition than another, this risks
subject-mortality threat.
regression threat.
testing threat.
selection threat.
68
What do statistics tell us about the results of a factorial experiment?
Whether an experiment is externally valid.
Whether there are interactions effects (only).
Whether there are main effects or interaction effects.
Whether there are main effects (only).
69
What does statistical power mean?
The probability of committing Type 1 error.
The strength of the association between the IV and DV.
A treatment's effect size.
The ability to detect a treatment effect when one exists.
70
Which phase of a small
N
design is the experimental treatment in a two-group design?
B
post-check
reversal
A
71
How do behavior therapists generally evaluate the results of a small
N
experiment?
They perform non-parametric statistics.
They exam a plot of the data.
They perform descriptive statistics.
They perform parametric statistics.
72
If performance is affected by
when
a condition occurs, this suggests _____.
selection threat
order effects
asymmetrical carryover
demand characteristics
73
Why can a matched-groups
t
-test be more powerful than a independent-groups
t
-test?
it can reduce variability due to group differences
it can reduce variability due to individual differences
it has more degrees of freedom
its critical value is smaller
74
When there are two independent variables, how many main effects are possible?
2
3
4
1
75
Which illustrates the lowest imposition of units?
"How often do you text?"
"What do you like best about your roommate?"
"Did you vote in the last election?"
"How old are you?"
76
Psychologists use unobtrusive measures to control
context effects
social desirability
reactivity
experimenter bias
77
How large is each critical region for a two-tailed test at the .01 level?
.005
.05
.001
.025
78
Which is the quickest way to find the set of numbers with the greatest variability?
standard deviation
range
mean square
variance
79
What does variability in the dependent variable affect?
internal validity
confounding
external validity
our ability to reject H0
80
We usually design experiments to falsify statements called
hypotheses.
models.
laws.
theories.
81
An experiment requires a minimum of ___ treatment condition(s).
2
4
3
1
82
Which demonstrated the need for extensive debriefing after exposure to violent pornography?
Asch
Zimbardo
Donnerstein
Campbell
83
Judy was run through conditions ABBA. The experimenter used _______.
block randomization
reverse counterbalancing
balanced Latin square counterbalancing
Latin square counterbalancing
84
A manipulation check tests
success in administering the independent variable.
whether the experimenter controlled order effects.
whether an experiment was externally valid.
whether there was confounding.
85
Successful replication in large-
N
studies is associated with
moderate-to-large effect sizes.
probabilities between .03 and .05.
use of larger alpha levels.
greater within-groups variability.
86
When asymmetrical carryover is likely, you should consider a _____ design.
quasi-experimental
repeated measures design
within-subjects
between-subjects
87
Which small
N
design would be ideal when you are shaping behavior?
ABA
changing criterion
AB
multiple baseline
88
Which is a response set?
nay-saying
yea-saying
social desirability
position preference
89
A representative sample gives your results
statistical reliability.
external validity.
internal validity.
freedom from confounding.
90
A study with 4 treatments will need at least ___ subjects to use complete counterbalancing.
12
24
4
48
91
How many post hoc tests may you perform?
all possible comparisons
1 minus the total number of groups
1 minus the total number of subjects
1 minus the total degrees of freedom in the numerator
92
Which do psychologists use to calculate the average effect of a treatment on a disorder?
experiment
meta-analysis
quasi-experiment
longitudinal study
93
Which threat is likely when participants take a test twice?
maturation threat
testing threat
selection-interaction threat
selection threat
94
Compared with a between-subjects design, a within-subjects design better controls _____.
subject variables
progressive error
task variables
environmental variables
95
Which of these is expressed in equations and should apply in every case?
theories
models
laws
hypotheses
96
How do between-subjects and within-subjects designs compare on statistical power?
A between-subjects design is generally more powerful
A between-subjects design better controls confounding
A within-subjects design is generally more powerful
Between- and within-subjects designs achieve equal power
97
There may not be a _____ for a distribution of scores.
range
mode
median
mean
98
Why remove the independent variable in a small
N
design?
to rule out confounding
to increase external validity
to minimize demand characteristics
to rule out subject variables
99
Which nonexperimental method might best explain why only one twin developed schizophrenia?
phenomenological approach
deviant case analysis
ex post facto study
case study
100
When should you accept the null hypothesis when conducting an
F-
test?
F obtained = F critical (only)
F obtained ≤ F critical
F obtained < F critical (only)
F obtained > F critical
