A.P. Psychology

The subject matter of psychology has changed over the history of the field.

Process of recognizing and interpreting sensory stimuli

Seeing objects as standing out from their surroundings

Before about age __, IQ tests generally do not predict future scores.

Observation in depth of a single person

Conflict in which one must choose between two desirable options, causing stress

Freud's theory is that human development is:

A rule or procedure that guarantees a solution to a particular problem

All the cases in a group from which samples may be drawn for a study

Eating disorder characterized by starving oneself

A type of learning in which behavior is diminished by a punishment

The Oedipus and Electra complexes have their roots in the:

Historical roots of psychology:

Loss of ability to have children, ending of menstruation in women

Condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated

Illnesses caused by viruses are not considered teratogens.

The science of behavior and mental processes

External reward used to motivate

Increases in insulin will:

Proximity, similarity, closure, continuity, and connectedness are examples of:

Beginning to anticipate events by learning a link between two or more stimuli

What is the embryonic stage of development?

Stimulation of the hypothalamus will cause an animal to begin eating.

An event that decreases the behavior it follows

Where fear is processed

How does pain differ from other senses?

The historical roots of psychology include:

Nerve cell; building block of nervous system

The experimental factor being manipulated

Using a jingle or rhyme to remember something is considered a:

Thinking without using language is impossible.

Belief that is held with strong conviction despite superior evidence proving that belief wrong

Neuron extension that passes "messages" through its branches

Which BEST describes the hindsight bias?

Twins who develop from one egg that divides into two and have the same DNA

Behavior is best defined as:

____ processing refers to how our knowledge and expectations influence perception

Learned response or reaction to something

One sense may influence another

Parents impose rules and expect obedience

Contributes to the activation of the fight or flight stress response

Which of the following is the most pervasive of the psychological disorders?

Depression is linked with:

Memory losses combined with internalized anger is likely to result in:

The way you're raised in a specific environment

Personality disorder; emotionally unstable, unstable relationships, and unstable sense of self

Believes the mind is blank at birth and most knowledge comes from sensory experience

Sign language has its own grammar, syntax, and semantics.

Most common form of schizophrenic hallucinations

The motivation to fulfill one's potential

Makes chemicals involved with sleep

Tendency to organize stimuli into smooth uninterrupted patterns:

Admits light

An illusion of movement when seeing a succession of still images

An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure

IQ scores of adopted children are more similar to biological parents' test scores than adoptive

Which psychologist introduced psychoanalysis?

Impairment of language

Separate tube-like segments that insulate the axon inside a neuron

A person standing atop a mountain on a clear night can see a candle flame 30 mi. away. This is:

A patient is having delusions that they are being plotted against. They are showing signs of:

To get information out of storage, we must

The brain computes an object's brightness ____ its surroundings.

The phonemes for all languages are the same.

Gland(s) that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

Cleaning your room because you'd like it clean, not because your parents told you to, is:

The outer ear channels sound waves toward the ___, a membrane that then vibrates.

Primary research tool of first psychologists was the experiment.

Tendency to approach a problem a particular way, usually a way proven successful in the past

Tendency of vision to dominate the other senses

What is a teratogen?

Which are NOT opposing colors?

Sensory memory that decays more slowly than visual sensory memory

Cannot speak, write, or understand language

Giving a dog a treat as a reward is an example of a:

How people differ as products of different environments

Francis Bacon's ideas led most directly to the scholarly view known as:

To overestimate the accuracy of one's own beliefs and judgements

Learned response

Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus will cause an animal to:

Bulimia nervosa involves:

Process of maintaining information over time

Which neurotransmitter is overabundant during the manic phase of Bipolar Disorder?

When does the most development occur in babies?

The ability to solve well-defined problems

Common mental illness, featuring feelings of uneasiness, worry, and fear

A boy claims he crams right before a test so he doesn't forget the information. You tell him:

Someone hearing a recording of a Japanese, Spanish, and American children babbling would:

Type A people (according to Friedman and Rosenman) are:

Inability to recall one's past, and the loss of identity or the formation of a new one

Which psychologist studied children most?

In Erikson's psychological stages, when is trust vs. mistrust demonstrated?

Personality disorder featuring severe social anxiety, paranoia, often unconventional beliefs

How do we perceive a pole that partially covers a bush?

Long wavelength =

A testable theory/prediction

Which is NOT a visual illusion?

"Switchboard" for sensory information

Which is not considered a natural, biological rhythm?

A sound that comes from directly ahead will be ____ to locate than sounds coming from one side

To get information into storage, we must

The way you're raised in a specific environment

Reinforcing a response only sometimes, or part of the time.

Which of the following is considered to be an overgeneralization of a grammatical rule?

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli (punishments)

17th century philosopher that believed some ideas are innate

When obese people receive leptin injections, body weight tends to:

Prove psychotherapy and treat physical causes of psychological disorders

Bottom-up processing draws on our experiences and expectations.

According to Piaget, what develops during the pre operational stage of development?

Our position and motion sensors are found in the semicircular canals

Which of the following is true about people who score high on aptitude tests?

Research strategy that'd help determine whether students' college grades predict later income?

Desire to do something due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

Increasing behaviors by stopping/reducing negative stimuli

Recalling information of oneself

Fake/false treatment to measure change and actual effect

Cramming before a test is an effective way to retain information.

Person claiming to be able to read another person's mind is claiming to have:

Chamber between the eardrum and cochlea

Controls vital reflexes, such as breathing, heartbeat, and internal temperature

Sleep chemical tied to mood disorders

Disorder of the mind involving thoughts, behaviors, and emotions that cause distress

Deaf children raised in a household that uses sign language feel more accepted.

What is preconventional morality according to Kohlberg?

Any visual cue that requires both eyes:

Hearing losses that occur with age are especially pronounced for ___ sounds.

Ability to "see the future"

Which of the following is not a requirement of a good test?

A way to alleviate chronic pain is to stimulate the ___ nerve fibers that ___ the spinal gate.

Schizophrenia is associated with excess ___ receptors.

According to ___, we learn to perceive the world.

Cell in the thalamus that is excited by red and inhibited by green:

Tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions

Outermost part of brain responsible for sensory input

The variable held constant, controlled

The inner ear contains receptors for:

Conditions that involve disruptions of memory, awareness, identity, or perception

Carbohydrates boost levels of ____, which ____ the body

Nerve deafness is caused by:

Section of brain containing visual centers

Who introduced the early school of structuralism?

Punishment is considered a negative reinforcement.

The best example of something, an original. Used to enhance memory and recall

A set of ideas, behaviors, attitudes, and traditions that exist within large groups of people

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Ability to access stored information when you need it

Beginning at about 4 months; infant spontaneously utters sounds

In which does dreamless sleep occur?

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably

All the cases in a group from which samples may be drawn for a study

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the interaction between brain and body in behavior?

Approximately what percentage of population is mentally retarded?

Which of the following individuals is also a physician?

Process by which we perceive and respond to certain events

Desire to perform a behavior for one's own sake

According to Darwin, evolution works through the process of

Using what you know from experience, forming a plan

Kinesthesis involves:

Depression that lasts for 2+ years, usually mild to moderate

Reinforcing a response only part of the time

Internal balance

Severe mood shifts or a mix of depression, anxiety, and manic episodes

Most of the hallucinations of schizophrenia patients involve the sense of:

A sample that fairly represents a population

Learning by observing others

Naturally and automatically triggers a response

Short term memory has ____ subsystems.

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to use or show it

Focusing on inner sensations, images, and feelings

Came up with the universal grammar theory

What is another term for schizophrenia?

Behavior in the workplace

Which brain waves are associated with dreaming?

The strength of the relationship between two vivid events will most likely be:

Consists of the hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus

According to Freud, defense mechanisms are methods of reducing:

The child who says "milk gone" is engaging in:

Where memories are stored

Controls the pupil

Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

Set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences

What is the average gestation period?

At a party, we are easily able to attend to one voice speaking among many.

Our ability to perceive motion

In studying personality, a social-cognitive theorist would most likely make use of:

"Overlearning" something hinders retention of the material.

Receptors for hearing are located in:

Which are opposing colors?

Conflict in which a choice must be made between two undesirable alternatives, causing stress

Inhibitory neurotransmitters; body's natural painkillers

Which is not a symptom/sign of bulimia nervosa?

A fetus is the developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilization thru the second month

Modern studies reveal a ___ positive correlation between head size and intelligence score.

In its earliest days, psychology was defined as:

Whether an individual's traits remain the same or change throughout life

A testable prediction/theory

According to Levinson, when do you re-examine and question earlier life decisions?

Partial reinforcement is less successful than continuous reinforcement.

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders

Tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

Disturbances in a person's movement, typically bringing out severe aggression

Animals exposed to aversive events with no way to escape may develop:

Believed intelligence is inherited:

Pavlov discovered: (Hint: dogs salivating when a bell is rang)

Wavelength is to hue as ____ is to brightness.

A tone's highness or lowness

Learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Part of the answer to "who am I?" that comes from our group memberships/relationships

Ability to form close, loving relationships

The set of rules deriving meaning from sounds

Which psychologist refers to fulfilling one's potential as self-actualization?

What gland is considered the "master gland" that controls the others?

Seeing, hearing, imagining something that is not there caused by mental disorders

Which of the following is the correct order of psychosexual stages proposed by Freud?

During which stage is logical thinking about events enabled? Hint: ages 7-11 (Piaget)

Being on time to school to avoid getting punished for too many tardies is an example of an:

Hunger triggering hormone

Results from damage to the outer or middle ear

Having a relatively high level of brain arousal is associated with being:

Desire to perform a behavior due to an incentive (promised reward or threat of punishment)

The variable that is not being manipulated

Difficulty speaking, primarily caused by stroke

Reinforcing the desired response EVERY TIME it occurs

What is the mode of the following distribution of scores: 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 14?

The amount of energy used while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment

Sections of brain responsible for touch, taste, and temperature

Children first demonstrate an understanding for syntax during the ___ stage.

a decrease in response to a stimulus after being repeatedly exposed to it

Sensation is to detecting a stimulus as perception is to ____.

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as rewards or treats

Taste receptors reproduce every week to two weeks

Your friend tosses you a frisbee. You know it is getting closer rather than larger because of:

Textbook chapters are often organized into ___ to facilitate information processing.

Personality tests based on peer reports are ___ accurate than ones based on self reports.

Controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience on behavior

Responsible for hearing, speaking, and comprehension

Wernicke's area is located in the:

The receptors for taste are located in the:

Unlearned response

Performance only increases with arousal to a certain point, beyond with performance decreases

Takes place over a long period of time, examining one group of participants

Starting with larger details and working your way down

Excitatory neurotransmitter; pleasure chemical

The process by which sensory info is converted into neural energy is:

Anorexia nervosa involves binge eating followed by purging.

Closes pain gate

Process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal oriented behaviors

The conscious executive of a personality

Inability to stop thinking about something without high anxiety

Opens pain gate

Excessive self love

Believed knowledge originates from experience.

State of being seriously mentally ill, little contact with reality

A binocular cue for perceiving depth; uses both eyes to compute distance

When does fetal brain development occur most?

Which research seeks solutions to practical problems?

Choose the best example of flashbulb memory:

6 month old infants will cross a visual cliff if their mother falls.

Automatic feeling or thought

The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list best

Which are more likely to have a color deficiency or blindness?

Complete diminishing of a conditioned response

The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language

Which are less likely to experience a red-green color deficiency?

Freud's theory is that dreams:

In promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective emphasizes all but:

Eyeball is too short

Focuses on the adaptive significance of mental and behavioral processes

Friedman's term for easygoing, relaxed people

Of the four distinct skin senses, the only one that has definable receptors is:

This part of the brain becomes especially active for verbal test questions.

A neuron's branching extensions

A test designed to measure current knowledge

Upholding laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

Expected behavior of a male or female

Which is a monocular depth cue?

A type of learning in which behavior is diminished by a punishment

Objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as farther away due to the principle of:

Eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by purging (vomiting)

Desire to perform a behavior for one's own sake

During which stage of sleep is it hardest to wake someone? Hint: Delta waves are present.

This naturally and automatically triggers a response.

Includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum

Patterns of excessive attention seeking emotions (seductive behavior, need for approval)

Defined by having a body mass index (BMI) over 25

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Extreme, irrational fear of an object, place, or situation

Produces an unconditioned response in an organism

Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Anorexia always begins as a weight loss diet.

A boy's sexual desires towards the opposite sex parent

Number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

The science of behavior and mental processes

The term gestalt means:

The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response

Hormone secreted by an empty stomach

The experimental factor being manipulated

A group of genes of an individual

Tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions

Lifelong pattern of extreme shyness and feelings of inadequacy

According to Freud, what are gender roles based on?

Choose one of the big five personality factors. Two correct answers.

Which of the following is a major criticism of the social cognitive perspective?

The method of introspection is reliable

Someone who is chronically lonely is likely to attribute his unsatisfactory social life to:

Cause of eating disorders is unknown, but proposed explanations focus on all but:

Our ability to detect odors peaks in adulthood and declines thereafter.

Metabolic factors do not cause eating disorders.

Three steps of memory processing, in order:

Which is an unlearned response?

Research with ____ patients indicates that we know when to eat based on memory of our last meal

A fertilized egg

Unwanted thoughts, sensations, urges, feelings, or behaviors. Often repetitive

Diminishing of a conditioned response

Bridge between left and right hemispheres of the brain

Using an acronym is a form of this specifically:

High levels of male hormones during prenatal development may enhance:

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

A test designed to predict a person's ability to learn something new

Hormone secreted by pancreas

Which of the following is not true about babbling?

Frequency is to pitch as _____ is to _____.

What happens in the germinal stage of development?

In abundance, this chemical increases metabolism.

Not speeding while driving because you do not want a ticket is an example of:

What does the thyroid control?

Most psychologists agree that intelligence is mainly based on heredity.

Rorschach tests include:

Once we see an object as a figure, it is impossible to see it as ground.

The ___ perspective explores how our minds process, encode, store, and retrieve information

Which is not a stage of grief?

Characterized by conscious decision making

Most common people to develop an eating disorder?

The disorganized thoughts of those with schizophrenia result from a breakdown in:

How large is a fetus during the 6th month of development?

Process of getting information out of memory storage:

The film of a camera is analogous to the eye's:

Good use of words and overall attractiveness can help convince others to accept ideas

Titchener introduced the school of structuralism, which used the method of:

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Which type of manager has little trust for their employees and feels they must be watched?

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli. Example: giving dog a treat

What is the rooting reflex?

Someone with an IQ test score of 63 at the age of 24 is likely to:

Serious, severe mental disorder in which contact is lost with external reality

Twins that develop from two different eggs with different DNA

What does the pineal gland produce? (Hint: it is stimulated by light)

Age where you begin storing memories of events

Observing the way someone shoots a basketball and then imitating the way they do it is:

Difficulty hearing high pitched sounds typically includes problems with:

The measure of variation that is most affected by extreme scores

Research shows most people have a ___ self-esteem.

If one of two identical objects reflects more light to your eyes it'll be perceived as:

Philosopher than maintained knowledge comes from inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences

IQ test scores in the United States have been dropping over the past 50 years.

Thinking strategy that allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently

Information is maintained in short term memory only briefly unless it is:

Studies of the visual cliff have provided evidence that much of depth perception is:

Condition where you experience random bouts of unconsciousness

When schizophrenia is slow to develop, recovery is ___.

The psychological views of James are to those of Titchener as functionalism is to ____.

Operates on pleasure principle; made to satisfy basic urges

Greek philosopher that believed intelligence is inherited

Being an introvert means:

Our genes play an important part in defining our temperament.

All of the following are laws of perceptual organization except:

Two consecutive weeks of low mood accompanied by low self esteem, pain, and loss of interest

A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders

What psychologist discovered that contact is the key to development (using monkeys)?

Who introduced the idea of adolescence?

Parents submit to their children's desires

Psychology is currently defined as:

The phantom limb sensation indicates that:

Which of the following is not one of the basic tastes?

Sign language ___ a complete language.

In generalizing from a sample to the population, it is important that the sample be:

Parents are both demanding yet responsive

Body structures making sexual reproduction possible

Obese mice eat less, become more active, and lose weight when injected with:

The brain's ____ lobe is ___ active in extroverts.

Maintaining information in memory storage:

Processes visual information

A person whose weight exceeds _____ will feel less hungry than usual and expend more energy

A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act a certain way

A sample that fairly represents a population

What is 1 characteristic associated with those who have fulfilled their potential? Two answers.

Mental pictures that aid memory

Though top-down processing, we detect the lines, angles, and colors of the objects around us.

Which rhythm is shorter than a circadian rhythm?

Figure is to ground as ____ is to _____.

Focusing on inner sensations, images, and feelings

The smallest unit in a language that carries meaning (may be a word or part of one)

Psychologists that study, assess, and treat troubled people

Memory aid

In an experiment to determine the effects of attention on memory, memory is the:

Who founded the first lab in the field of psychology?

High frequency =

What is the first stage of grief?