Why do we use mental set

Save time and effort, Because it worked previously

I am thirsty but didn't bring a water bottle and can't find a tap or cup. What is the obstacle?

No water source, No water bottle or cup

How does deliberate practice impact memory?

A shift in reliance on working memory to long-term memory

What is progress monitoring?

Monitoring the rate of progress towards the goal

Why does incubation help solve problems?

Allows you to forget misleading information / strategy

What did Luchins (1942) find

People who spend time solving complex problems struggle to solve simple

What is the most insightful solution to the pendulum problem?

Tie pliers on the end of one string and swing

Putting the problem temporarily aside to facilitate problem-solving

Functional fixedness is

fixating on a objects usual function

What does expertise enable people to do?

Get to the important information faster, Plan further ahead

A problem is knowledge lean when ...

Information to solve the problem is in the initial problem statement

Why do people think it is more dangerous to travel by air than by car

Airplane accidents are highly available in memory

Structural similarity is

Causal relationship between some of the main components across two problems

When using an availability heuristic what would you be doing?

Using the first solution that comes to mind

What is a means-end analysis

Creating sub-goals to get from the initial state to the end goal state

Insight can often be described as

An aha moment that resolves the problem

Analogical problem solving is ...

Detecting similarities or analogies between the current and past problems

A problem is knowledge-rich when ...

The solver must have relevant specific knowledge to solve the problem

What is implicit reasoning?

Fast, automatic and unconscious

What is an algorithm?

A set of guidelines on how to perform a task

What did Tversky & Kahneman (1973) find

It is easier to think of words that start with a particular letter

Representational Change Theory is

The process involved in insight learning by reconceptualising the problem

Gick & Holyoak (1980) found that ...

People need to know that the analogy is relevant for it to be useful

When is problem solving used?

Necessary to reach a certain goal, but the goal pathway is not obvious

Procedural similarity is

When the procedure or action is the same

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Week 10 Problem Solving Cog Psych

59 termsStudBud Administration49 plays

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Questions 59

Answers

1
Why do we use mental set
Save time and effort
Reach the correct solution
Because it worked previously
It is easy
2
What type of problem is how to fix a broken leg?
Knowledge lean
Medical knowledge
Complex Knowledge
Knowledge rich
3
Insight is when you use deliberate working memory to solve a problem
False
True
4
Problem solving is
Only relevant when the solver lacks knowledge for an immediate answer
Deliberate
All of the above
Purposeful
5
My car tyre is flat and needs to be changed, but the nuts are too tight to undo. What are the obstacles?
My car tyre is flat
Nuts are too tight
Late for work
Changing tyre
6
I am thirsty but didn't bring a water bottle and can't find a tap or cup. What is the obstacle?
No water source
No water bottle or cup
I am thirsty
No longer thirsty
7
My car tyre is flat and needs to be changed, but the nuts are too tight to undo. What is the initial state?
My car tyre is flat
Nuts are too tight
Changing tyre
Late for work
8
What is not a similarity between problems
Superficial
Constructal
Procedural
Structural
9
How do you test a hypothesis?
Data and statistics
Verification and falsification
All of the above
Experiments and testing
10
How does deliberate practice impact memory?
Consolidation from short term to long term memory
Shift in reliance in short term memory to more active working memory
A shift in reliance on working memory to long-term memory
No direct impact
11
Who argued that incubation helps insight problems
Wallas (1926)
Asch (1951)
Wallis (1925)
Milgram (1923)
12
What is progress monitoring?
Used in the nine-dot problem
Recording progress
Monitoring achievements
Monitoring the rate of progress towards the goal
13
My car tyre is flat and needs to be changed, but the nuts are too tight to undo. What is the goal state?
No flat tyre
Arriving for work on time
My car tyre is flat
Nuts are too tight
14
What is a heuristic?
Rules of thumb
Solutions that have worked in the past
Turning your computer off and on
Something that produces approximately correct answers
15
Why does incubation help solve problems?
Allows you to think through the problem
Allows you to seek more information
Come back fresh
Allows you to forget misleading information / strategy
16
I am thirsty but didn't bring a water bottle and can't find a tap or cup. What is the initial state?
No water bottle or cup
No longer thirsty
No water source
I am thirsty
17
What did Luchins (1942) find
People who spend time solving complex problems struggle to solve simple
People who solve complex problems find it easy to solve simple problems
People who spend time solving simple problems fast can solve the complex
People who spend time solving the simple problems can't solve the complex
18
What is an example of hill climbing
Navigating a maze
Policy document
Map of a hill
Government strategy
19
What is the most insightful solution to the pendulum problem?
Swing arms
Stretch arms across the rope
Swing strings
Tie pliers on the end of one string and swing
20
What is incubation?
Putting the problem temporarily aside to facilitate problem-solving
Sleeping on the problem
Discussing and warming the problem up
Hatching an egg with heat
21
Functional fixedness is
fixating on a objects usual function
fixating on a solution to functionally resolve a problem
Thinking out of the box
fixating on an objects unusual function
22
What is the famous problem used to show functional fixedness?
Millgram's shock problem
Dunker's candle problem
Stanford prison problem
Asch's conformity problem
23
A well defined problem contains
Initial state is clearly specified
Range of actions are clearly specified
Goal state is clearly specified
All of the above
24
What does expertise enable people to do?
Get to the important information faster
Plan further ahead
Find a solution
Save money
25
A problem is knowledge lean when ...
Information to solve the problem is in the initial problem statement
Can be solved easily
It requires only basic knowledge to solve the problem
In order to solve the problem the solver has relevant knowledge
26
What are algorithms good for
Ill defined problems
Knowledge lean problems
Knowledge rich problems
Well defined problems
27
Why do people think it is more dangerous to travel by air than by car
More peple die in plane accidents
Airplane accidents are highly available in memory
Availability heuristic
Aeroplanes are metal death traps that should not be able to fly
28
Structural similarity is
Action is the same across two problems
Causal relationship between some of the main components across two problems
All of the above
Easy to identify
29
When using an availability heuristic what would you be doing?
Using the first solution that comes to mind
Using the most relevant information
Applying the rule of thumb
Using statistics to solve the problem
30
What type of reasoning do experts use?
Implicit
Deliberate
Explicit
Unconscious
31
What is not one of the three things to remove blocks for insight
Constraint relaxation
Visioning
Elaboration
Re-encoding
32
What is not one of the four elements of deliberate practice
Adequate chance to repeat task and get feedback on performance
Chance to correct errors
Appropriate level of difficulty
Criticism on performance
33
What is a means-end analysis
A step by step approach that moves you closer to the goal state
Identifying the means of a goal
Creating sub-goals to get from the initial state to the end goal state
Analysing the end state
34
What are templates?
All of the above
Abstract structures
Allows experts to work through options more efficiently
Hold between 10 - 15 pieces / patterns
35
What is an ill-defined problem
The initial state, goal state and actions are not well-defined and clear
Definition of the problem state is not clearly defined
All of the above
Underspecific
36
Insight can often be described as
A dream
An aha moment that resolves the problem
An idea
An oops moment
37
Analogical problem solving is ...
Using analogies
Using past experiences
Using data
Detecting similarities or analogies between the current and past problems
38
A problem is knowledge-rich when ...
Information to solve the problem is in the initial problem statement
The solver has basic knowledge to solve the problem
The solver must have relevant specific knowledge to solve the problem
When it involves money
39
What is implicit reasoning?
Fast, analytical and conscious
Fast, automatic and unconscious
Slow, deliberate and intuitive
Slow, deliberate and conscious
40
What is an algorithm?
A rule of thumb
A recipe
A set of guidelines on how to perform a task
Something that will guide you to the solution
41
What did Tversky & Kahneman (1973) find
It is easier to think of words that start with a particular letter
All of the above
It is easier to think of words that contain a specific letter
Safer to travel by car
42
Representational Change Theory is
The process involved in insight learning by reconceptualising the problem
All of the above
Identifying blocks
Understand the changes involved in the solution
43
Gick & Holyoak (1980) found that ...
All analogies are useful
Only 40% of people solved the problem
Slitting a radiation ray in three saves lives
People need to know that the analogy is relevant for it to be useful
44
Superficial similarity is
All of the above
Solution irrelevant details are common in the two problems
Easy to perceive
Can be misleading
45
What is an example of an insight problem?
Mutilated checkerboard
Milgram experiment
Bo Bo doll experiement
Nine dot problem
46
When is problem solving used?
When you don't know the answer
Necessary to reach a certain goal, but the goal pathway is not obvious
When you are trying to solve a problem like Maria
Necessary to reach a certain goal, and the path is obvious
47
The tendency to process information by looking for or interpreting information consistent with existing beliefs is
Contextual bias
Cognitive bias
Conscious bias
Confirmation bias
48
What is an example of a means-end analysis
Daily routine
Task manual
10 year strategic plan
Recipe
49
What is not a feature of problem solving?
Problem
Initial state
Obstacles
Goal state
50
I am not smart
Is an exam question
Is an initial state
Is an illedfined problem
A well defined problem
51
Procedural similarity is
An example of Hill Climbing
Contains irrelevant details
When the procedure or action is the same
All of the above
52
An expert needs to work out a solution from scratch
False
True
53
What is hill climbing?
Creating sub-goals to get from the initial state to the end goal state
A step by step approach that moves you closer to the goal state
Hiking up a hill
Process when the problem is not clear
54
Why do humans not always use algorithms?
Time intensive and need mathematical skills
Effort intensive, need good planning skills
Effort intensive, slow and require careful planning
Too fast and easy
55
What is explicit reasoning?
Fast, automatic and unconscious
Slow, deliberate and conscious
Fast, analytical and conscious
Slow, deliberate and intuitive
56
I am thirsty but didn't bring a water bottle and can't find a tap or cup. What is the goal state?
No water source
I am thirsty
No water bottle or cup
No longer thirsty
57
Functional fixedness can be overcome by
Fixating on the object's usual function
Applying the generic-parts technique
Using Heuristics
Using mental sets
58
What type of problem is - I need to find my textbook?
Knowledge lean
Complex Knowledge
Medical knowledge
Knowledge rich
59
Experts v's non-experts differ in general memory ability
False
True

Week 10 Problem Solving Cog Psych Flashcards | StudBud