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Ethics: Consequentialism, Utilitarianism, Deontology Flashcards | StudBud
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Ethics: Consequentialism, Utilitarianism, Deontology
Ethics: Consequentialism, Utilitarianism, Deontology
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1
Act-Utilitarian "In this situation what ___ will lead to the greatest overall happiness?"
Rule
Law
Act
Consequence
2
The happiness principle is . .
the greatest good for the least number
the greatest good for the greatest number
The greatest amount of people for the greatestamount of good
3
What are the definitions of John Stuart Mill's higher and lower pleasures?
higher = intellectual; lower = physical
higher = intellectual; lower = bodily
no distinction due to his belief in commensurable pleasures
quantity over quality, higher/lower pleasures dont exist
4
Which of these is not a formulation of the 3 categorical imperatives?
Treat everyone as means not ends
Act as a member of the 'universal kingdom of ends'
Universalise the maxim
Treat everyone as ends not means
5
Who developed a system of higher and lower pleasures?
Jeremy Bentham
John Stuart Mill
Peter Singer
Joseph Fletcher
6
What is deontology about?
The situation one is in
The consequences that will arise
The feelings of others
The action someone takes
7
Who is John Stuart Mill concerned for?
Himself
Majority
Minority
The Philosophers
8
Mill believed that pleasures could be graded according to their . . . .
Quantity
Quality
9
What did Kant believe to be the only truly good quality?
Good-will
Empathy
Kindness
Compassion
10
What did Kant disregard?
Emotions
Rationality
Duties
Laws
11
Relativism is subjective, stating that...
there can be no exceptions to rules on ethical dilemmas.
there can be exceptions to rules on ethical dilemmas.
12
What is "The Principle of Utility"?
The greatest good for the greatest number
The greatest good for the greater good
The greatest good for the least pain
The greatest pleasure for the greatest good
13
Utility =
Pleasure
Pain
Happiness
Love
14
Rule Utilitarianism claims that an action is right if, and only if...
it follows set rules that produce the maximum happiness
it follows set rules that produce the maximum net happiness
15
Define Utility.
Happiness, the ability to decrease pain
Usefulness, the ability to satisfy needs or wants
Usefulness, the ability to increase pleasure
16
Lower pleasures . . .
mere satisfaction of our animal instincts
dissatisfaction in our animal instincts
17
Consequentialism focuses on the _____ rather than the _______ .
Intentions, consequences
consequences, intentions
Consequences, Situation
18
Utilitarianism considers . . .
The good in a bad situation
The good of one
The good of the whole
The value of one person
19
"Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to . . .
Produce the reverse of happiness
Produce more happiness
Produce higher or lower pleasures
20
What do the Prima Facie Duties stress?
Rationality
Defending the weak
Importance of free-will
The personal character of duty
21
Utilitarianism is a form of . .
Consequentialism
Dentology
Morality
Altruism
22
What is a weakness of Utilitarianism?
Utilitarianism is based on the majority
We don't know what the outcome will be
Based on the minority
It doesn't take into consideration animals
23
Which one of these are criticisms of Act Utilitarianism?
Justify any acts
Can have extreme results
Can make people sad
Impractical to measure moral choices every time
24
Absolutist ethical theories include...
Rule Utilitarianism and Deontology, both 'objective'.
Act Utilitarianism and Virtue Ethics, both 'subjective'.
Act Utilitarianism and Deontology, both 'objective'.
25
Bentham (Util) believed that humans are motivated by what?
Food
Pleasure
Pleasure and pain
Happiness and sadness
26
Which one of these are criticisms of Rule Utilitarianism?
Cannot be broken in extreme circumstances
Permit morally unacceptable practices
It's too deontological
John Mill doesn't like this rule
27
What are "based on first impression; accepted as correct until proved otherwise"?
Imperatives
Good-will
7 Prima Facie Duties
Maxims
28
Define Deontology.
An action-centred theory that focuses on consequences.
An action-centred theory that focuses on principles/rules.
An agent-centred theory that focuses on virtuous character.
29
What is Act utilitarianism?
Acting to gain pleasure
Only acting for the greatest number
Acting to avoid pain
The principle of utility is applied for each individual
30
What is a strength of Utilitarianism?
Gives everyone an equal value
It's a fun rule to follow
Applicable to real life application
It takes into consideration technology
31
_ Utilitarianism introduces customary moral rules, aka _______ that avoid calculation criticism
rule, rules of thumb
act, primary principle
rule, secondary principles
preference, satisfactory principles
32
What did Kant base his ethical system on?
Prescribed norms
God's word
Reason alone
Human emotions
33
Utilitarianism was pioneered by who?
Bentham and Hill
Jentham and Mill
Kant and Aristotle
Bentham and Mill
34
'Pleasure cannot be the only thing of value'. Who said this and how did he refute Mill.
Kant, with his absolutist deontology theory.
Roberts with the imagined virtual reality machine.
Aristotle with his role based virtue theory.
Nozick with the imagined virtual reality machine.
35
The types of utilitarianism are what?
Act, rule and hedonistic
Act, rule and virtue
Act, rule and egalitarian
Act, rule and preference
36
What is Rule utilitarianism?
Making laws for the least pain
Following laws
Going against the law to seek pleasure
General rules to bring the greatest good for the community
37
What are Bentham's two 'sovereign masters'?
Quantity and quality.
Happiness and Utility.
Happiness and equality.
Pleasure and pain.
38
The main question posed in the philosophy of ethics is...
Which is best? Utilitarianism, Deontology or Virtue Ethics?
Can objective answers to ethical dilemmas exist?
How do we decide what is morally right to do?
Is psychological hedonism real?
39
A criticism of calculating pleasure with the hedonic calculus.
time consuming
the problem of the tyranny of the majority
empirical calculation
40
What is Preference Utilitarianism?
When the least amount of people are right
Popular form of utilitarianism in contemporary society
When Mill prefers Bentham's theory to his own
When you prefer pleasure over pain
41
Rule-Utilitarian "By following what set of _____ will I be able to promote the greatest :).
Consequences
Acts
Rules
Laws
42
The Principle of Utility aka The Greatest Happiness Principle states an action is right if...
it produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number
it produces the greatest happiness for competent judges
it produces the greatest happiness for humans
43
Which theory did Mill and Hobbes identify through?
Hedonism
Utilitarianism
Ethical Egoism
