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Duplicate of Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
Duplicate of Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
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Questions
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Answers
1
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
smell buds
2
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus generalization
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
3
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
intelligence
mentalism
cognition
introspection
4
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
5
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
content
criterion-related
absolute
6
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
cultural practices
exposure to light
amount of time alseep
7
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
musical
mechanical
spatial
logical-mathemathical
8
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an external attribution
an internal attribution
a distinctive attribution
a situational attribution
9
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
physiological recordings
psychological tests
questionnaires
direct observation
10
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
11
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
hallucinations
reduction of inhibitions
12
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
basis for performing pro-social behavior
halo effect in aggression
13
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
secure-avoidant
strange situation
shared inhibition
attachment probing
14
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
demonstrates an illusory correlation
15
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
regression
compensation
fixation
16
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
vitreous humor
cornea
lens
iris
17
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
investment differentiations
social scripts
parental investments
display rules
18
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
19
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
20
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
intelligence
insight
reasoning
creativity
21
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
pancreas
sebaceous gland
thyroid gland
22
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
attributions
prejudices
stereotypes
self-serving bias
23
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
put information into long-term memory
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
24
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
25
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
the proximodistal trend
26
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
27
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
step-wise conditioning
selection
shaping
stimulus discrimination
28
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
29
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
platonic
phonemic
mnemonic
30
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
positive reinforcement
escape learning
31
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
groupthink
conformity
obedience
cognitive dissonance
32
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
prenatals
opiates
pathogens
33
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
functionalism
behaviorism
neodynamism
34
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
fear reaction
rat
rabbit
35
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
food/meat powder
light
tone
salivation
36
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
poor police protection
crowded living conditions
job discrimination experienced by the residents
the personal qualities of the residents
37
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
pituitary
gonads
thalamus
thyroid
38
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
flashbulb memories
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
episodic memories
39
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
been dreaming
40
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Cannon's area
Sperry's area
Broca's area
41
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
defense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
42
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
mescaline
marijuana
heroin
43
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
is consistent
measures what it is supposed to measure
has been standardized but not normed
44
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
feeling is to thinking
thought is to perception
45
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
positron emission tomography
computerized tomography
electrographic tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
46
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
oral
genital
latency
anal
47
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
sing a song
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
48
What is somnambulism?
sleep-walking
sleep-talking
difficulty remaining asleep
difficulty breathing when asleep
49
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
50
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
processing
attention
perception
51
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
hypothalamus
occipital cortex
prefrontal cortex
medulla
52
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
syntax
morphemes
53
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a narcotic
an amphetamine
a hallucinogen
a sedative
54
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
55
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
56
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
illusions
hallucinations
obsessions
delusions
57
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
unipolar
cyclical
bipolar
58
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
a phobia
an obsession
a delusion
59
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
memory
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
60
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the control group
the experimental group
the observational group
61
Anhedonia is when a person...
has two different psychological disorders
has trouble getting along with people
experiences mild manic states
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
62
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
corpus callosum
parietal lobe
pineal gland
thalamus
63
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender roles
gender stereotypes
gender differences
gender behaviors
64
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
delta
gamma
beta
alpha
65
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
limbic system
reticular formation
66
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
lateral processing
top-down processing
bottom-to-top processing
67
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
fear
surprise
happiness
sadness
68
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
personality
anxiety
mood
69
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
70
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
subliminal threshold
absolute threshold
sensory memory
just noticeable difference
71
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
cognitive
humanistic
behavioral
psychoanalytic
72
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
73
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
representativeness
accuracy of inference
predictability
74
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
punishment
observational learning
75
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
attention encoding
76
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
tree-bird
boat-goat
fill-feed
car-nose
77
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
closure
symmetry
similiarity
constancy
78
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
time of testing
longitundinal
cross-sectional
79
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
semantic network
chunk
schema
script
80
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
sedatives
alcohol
cannabis
narcotics
81
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
reiteration
recognition
recall
82
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
deindividuation
conformity
social loafing
group polarization
83
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
content validity
predictive validity
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
84
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
cortex
location of injury
thalamus
85
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological instability
psychological instability
physiological stability
psychological stability
86
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
cookie
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
I eated a cookie
87
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
development of secondary sex characteristics
formal operations
post-conventional moral reasoning
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
88
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
89
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
90
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
availability heuristic
representativeness heuristic
conjunction heuristic
91
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
encoded
modeled
retrieved
92
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
instinct theory
drive theory
incentive theory
evolutionary theory
93
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
unconditioning
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
94
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
efferent nerves
autonomic nerves
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
95
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
a personality test
an achievement test
96
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
short-term
long-term
intermediate-term
97
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
attributionism
collectivism
individualism
98
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
99
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the principle of collectivism
display rules
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
100
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
corpus callosum
101
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
antagonists
neurotransmitters
agonists
102
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
low in extraversion
103
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
William James
G. Stanley Hall
Wilhelm Wundt
Rene Decartes
104
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
physical interaction
abstract operations
105
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
schematizing
cultural direction
106
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
conventional
preconventional
concrete
postconventional
107
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
108
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting irrelevant information
presenting only part of the information required
109
An antagonist...
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
110
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
procedural
fluid
crystallized
episodic
111
A perceptual set implies that...
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
112
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the gambler's fallacy
the confirmation bias
the conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable
113
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 2
stage 4
stage 1
REM
114
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
personality
temperament
behavioral quality
115
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
mental age
a percentile score
IQ
a potential score
116
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial retrieval
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
117
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
118
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
hearing a sound
moving a part of his body
119
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scales
test scores
test norms
test levels
120
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
marital problems
anxiety disorders
121
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
122
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were put into a simulated prison
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
123
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
insight learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
latent learning
124
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
maladaptive behaviors
the conscious
125
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
temporal lobe
cochlea
oval window
stirrup
126
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
repression
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
127
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
consciousness
perception
sensation
128
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
cerebellum
limbic system
reticular formation
brainstem
129
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the relative threshold period
130
The superego is Freud's term for...
the conscious aspect of personality
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
131
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
industry vs. inferiority
132
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
percentiles
correlation coefficients
means
133
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
reinforcement
observational learning
operant conditioning
134
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
observational learning
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
135
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
light purity
saturation
color
brightness
136
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
reversibility
conservation
centration
egocentrism
137
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
avoidance therapy
138
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
dopamine
endorphin
serotonin
acetylcholine
139
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
semantic slanting
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
140
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
activation-synthesis theory
problem-solving theory
None of the Above
141
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
changes in testing procedures
142
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
conflict
change
pressure
frustration
143
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a self-report inventory
a behavior rating
a projective test
a deceptive test
144
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
pitch
loudness
decibels
145
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
aggressiveness
manipulative behavior
excessive guilt
social charm
146
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
fugue
conversion disorder
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
147
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
148
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
conscious experience
the unconscious
behavior
the brain
149
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
midpoint
mean
median
150
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
tumor ligation
lesioning
