According to the medical model...

abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease

Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...

a variety of environmental factors

Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...

assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect

how alternatives in a decision problem are presented

The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..

the personal qualities of the residents

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...

you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression

Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...

personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level

A valid test is one that...

measures what it is supposed to measure

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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review

150 termsStudBud Administration19 plays

A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 150

Answers

1
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
change
conflict
pressure
2
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
formal operations
3
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
moving a part of his body
seeing a flash of light
4
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
electrographic tomography
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
computerized tomography
5
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
narcotics
alcohol
sedatives
6
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
7
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
cognition
introspection
intelligence
8
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 2
REM
stage 4
stage 1
9
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
mescaline
cocaine
heroin
marijuana
10
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
symmetry
constancy
closure
11
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the observational group
the correlational group
the control group
the experimental group
12
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
superstitious behavior
observational learning
classical conditioning
positive reinforcement
13
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the autonomic nervous system
the endocrine system
feeding
memory
14
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
id mechanisms
defense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
offense mechanisms
15
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
limbic system
endocrine system
16
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
a variety of environmental factors
genetic influences on IQ
17
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
conscious experience
the unconscious
behavior
the brain
18
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a developmental psychologist
19
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
cerebellum
reticular formation
limbic system
brainstem
20
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
phonemic
mnemonic
morphemic
platonic
21
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scores
test scales
test norms
test levels
22
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
dopamine
acetylcholine
serotonin
23
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
attributionism
collectivism
individualism
24
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
25
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
give cookie
cookie
i wanted a cookie
I eated a cookie
26
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
27
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
physiological recordings
direct observation
questionnaires
psychological tests
28
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
punishment
observational learning
29
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
shaping
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
30
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
pitch
decibels
timbre
loudness
31
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting irrelevant information
presenting only part of the information required
32
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a just noticeable difference
a false alarm
a superimposed stimulus
33
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
latent learning
insight learning
classical conditioning
34
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
fear
surprise
happiness
sadness
35
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
36
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
37
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
conservation
reversibility
egocentrism
38
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
temporal lobe
oval window
stirrup
39
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
schema
chunk
semantic network
40
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
thought is to perception
41
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
an obsession
a delusion
a phobia
42
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
43
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
sensation
hypnosis
consciousness
perception
44
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
repression
suppression
45
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
delusions
hallucinations
illusions
46
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
the internal state causes the facial expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
47
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
48
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender behaviors
gender roles
gender differences
gender stereotypes
49
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
50
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
is reliable
has been standardized but not normed
51
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
low in openness
low in extraversion
52
What is cognitive dissonance?
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
53
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
cultural practices
54
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
Cannon's area
Sperry's area
55
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
prenatals
opiates
pathogens
56
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the cephalocaudal trend
the proximodistal trend
the cephalopedal trend
57
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
positive reinforcement
avoidance learning
an unconditioned response
58
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
standardized validity
content validity
criterion-related validity
59
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
olfactory cilia
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
60
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
personality; standardized
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; personality
intelligence; standardized
61
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
attachment probing
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
62
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
63
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
fixation
regression
compensation
64
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
conformity
group polarization
deindividuation
social loafing
65
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
reinforcement
observational learning
classical conditioning
66
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
pancreas
sebaceous gland
67
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
a personality test
68
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction capacity
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
69
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
mechanical
spatial
musical
70
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
71
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
the semantic level of encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
72
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
oral
latency
anal
73
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
74
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
concrete
conventional
postconventional
preconventional
75
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
conformity
76
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
conjunction heuristic
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
77
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
episodic memories
flashbulb memories
non-declarative memories
78
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
thalamus
pineal gland
corpus callosum
parietal lobe
79
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
80
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
reasoning
insight
intelligence
81
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
a self-serving attribution
demonstrates an illusory correlation
82
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
unconditioning
spontaneous remission
extinction
conditioned forgetting
83
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
sensory memory
subliminal threshold
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
84
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
85
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
percentiles
correlation coefficients
means
86
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
medulla
cerebral cortex
87
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
stereotypes
cognitive structuring
schematizing
cultural direction
88
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
the conjunction fallacy
89
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
avoidance therapy
systematic desensitization
psychotherapy
aversion therapy
90
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
medulla
occipital cortex
hypothalamus
91
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
partial retrieval
partial storage
complete storage failure
92
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
conversion disorder
fugue
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
93
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
been dreaming
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
94
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
metalinguistic awareness
overextension
semantic slanting
fast-mapping
95
The superego is Freud's term for...
the conscious aspect of personality
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
96
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
experiences mild manic states
has trouble getting along with people
has two different psychological disorders
97
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
tumor ligation
lesioning
98
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
instinct theory
incentive theory
drive theory
99
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
reiteration
recognition
relearning
recall
100
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
lateral processing
101
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
processing
perception
attention
102
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
agonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
antagonists
103
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
saturation
light purity
color
brightness
104
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological instability
psychological stability
physiological stability
psychological instability
105
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
106
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
IQ
a percentile score
mental age
a potential score
107
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
108
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
temperament
attachment
personality
behavioral quality
109
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
behaviorism
functionalism
psychoanalysis
110
The function of sensory memory is to...
put information into long-term memory
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold information for a lifetime
111
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
fill-feed
tree-bird
car-nose
boat-goat
112
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
observational learning
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
classical conditioning
113
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
physical interaction
abstract operations
114
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
the conscious
maladaptive behaviors
115
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
representativeness
predictability
accuracy of inference
116
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
beta
alpha
delta
gamma
117
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
118
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
attributions
stereotypes
self-serving bias
prejudices
119
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
mean
median
midpoint
120
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
food/meat powder
salivation
tone
light
121
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
marital problems
bipolar disorder
anxiety disorders
schizophrenia
122
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous wakefulness
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
become fearful/cautious
123
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
bipolar
unipolar
dissociative
124
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
rat
fear reaction
rabbit
125
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
gonads
thalamus
pituitary
thyroid
126
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
lens
cornea
iris
vitreous humor
127
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
anxiety
personality
mood
128
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
content
absolute
criterion-related
129
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
encoded
retrieved
modeled
130
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
None of the Above
activation-synthesis theory
problem-solving theory
wish fulfillment theory
131
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a deceptive test
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
132
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
insomnia
133
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
a narcotic
an amphetamine
a hallucinogen
134
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
morphemes
syntax
linguistic heuristics
135
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
fluid
episodic
crystallized
procedural
136
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
social scripts
parental investments
display rules
investment differentiations
137
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
138
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
humanistic
behavioral
psychoanalytic
cognitive
139
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
140
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
141
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
sing a song
142
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
sensory
intermediate-term
short-term
143
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
William James
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
Rene Decartes
144
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an external attribution
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
145
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
social charm
aggressiveness
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
146
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
cortex
spinal cord
location of injury
147
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
time of testing
cross-sectional
longitundinal
148
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the law of cognitive dissonance
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
display rules
149
What is somnambulism?
sleep-talking
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
difficulty breathing when asleep
150
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule

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