Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...

personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level

Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...

assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect

blocks the action of neurotransmitters

You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which

demonstrates an illusory correlation

The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..

the personal qualities of the residents

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...

you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression

Negative reinforcement involves...

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..

are using the availability heuristic

If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...

the other boy started it and he was defending himself

In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...

were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger

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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review 2019

135 termsStudBud Administration136 plays

A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 135

Answers

1
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
2
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
dopamine
acetylcholine
endorphin
serotonin
3
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
independently of autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
4
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
reiteration
recognition
relearning
5
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a self-report inventory
a deceptive test
a projective test
a behavior rating
6
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
7
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
observational learning
classical conditioning
positive reinforcement
superstitious behavior
8
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
change
pressure
conflict
frustration
9
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
10
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
reinforcement
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
11
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
low in extraversion
12
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
13
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 1
REM
stage 2
stage 4
14
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
15
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
Rene Decartes
William James
16
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
attention
perception
sensation
17
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
conscious experience
the unconscious
the brain
18
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
personality
mood
anxiety
19
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
instinct theory
incentive theory
evolutionary theory
20
An antagonist...
extends the absolute refractory period
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
21
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the autonomic nervous system
memory
the endocrine system
feeding
22
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
groupthink
conformity
obedience
cognitive dissonance
23
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
car-nose
boat-goat
tree-bird
fill-feed
24
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
avoidance learning
escape learning
an unconditioned response
25
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
a self-serving attribution
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
26
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
self-serving bias
stereotypes
prejudices
attributions
27
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
temperament
behavioral quality
personality
28
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
display rules
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
29
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
personality; standardized
30
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
crowded living conditions
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
31
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
schema
script
chunk
semantic network
32
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
anal
oral
genital
latency
33
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
oval window
stirrup
temporal lobe
34
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
thalamus
corpus callosum
parietal lobe
35
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
the internal state causes the facial expression
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
36
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
hearing a sound
moving a part of his body
37
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
strange situation
38
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
perception
hypnosis
sensation
consciousness
39
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
IQ
mental age
a percentile score
a potential score
40
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
pitch
timbre
loudness
decibels
41
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
42
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
an obsession
a compulsion
a delusion
43
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
happiness
fear
surprise
44
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a just noticeable difference
a false alarm
subliminal perception
a superimposed stimulus
45
The involuntary process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious is called...
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
repression
suppression
46
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
47
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
48
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
social charm
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
aggressiveness
49
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
50
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
episodic memories
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
51
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
psychoanalytic
behavioral
humanistic
cognitive
52
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
sing a song
print letters
53
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
neurotransmitters
action potentials
antagonists
agonists
54
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a situational attribution
an external attribution
a distinctive attribution
a dispositional attribution
55
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
ESB
lesioning
tumor ligation
stereotaxic inversion
56
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
observational learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
57
A perceptual set implies that...
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
58
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
psychological instability
physiological instability
physiological stability
59
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
cultural practices
amount of time alseep
exposure to light
amount of time awake
60
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
cognition
mentalism
introspection
intelligence
61
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
marital problems
62
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
content validity
criterion-related validity
predictive validity
standardized validity
63
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
punishment
operant conditioning
observational learning
classical conditioning
64
SSRI's are what category of drug?
Anti-Depressants
Anti-Psychotics
Mood Stablizers
Anti-Anxiety
65
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
spatial
musical
mechanical
66
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
67
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
modeled
encoded
retrieved
68
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
measures what it is supposed to measure
69
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
70
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
an amphetamine
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
a sedative
71
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
thought is to perception
behavior is to motive
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
72
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
presenting only part of the information required
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
73
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
limbic system
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
74
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
attributionism
collectivism
functionalism
individualism
75
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
76
A person who perceives stimuli that isn't there is said to have...
hallucinations
obsessions
illusions
delusions
77
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
crystallized
procedural
episodic
fluid
78
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scores
test norms
test levels
test scales
79
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
80
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
a personality test
an achievement test
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
81
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
step-wise conditioning
selection
shaping
stimulus discrimination
82
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender behaviors
gender differences
gender roles
gender stereotypes
83
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
pituitary
thalamus
gonads
thyroid
84
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
sleep-walking
85
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
conservation
reversibility
egocentrism
86
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
changes in testing procedures
a variety of environmental factors
group differences in basic intelligence
genetic influences on IQ
87
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
physical interaction
logical reasoning
abstract operations
systematic hypothesis testing
88
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
tone
food/meat powder
light
89
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
90
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
mnemonic
phonemic
platonic
91
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
avoidance therapy
systematic desensitization
psychotherapy
aversion therapy
92
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
unconditioning
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
93
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
postconventional
concrete
preconventional
conventional
94
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
95
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
investment differentiations
parental investments
social scripts
96
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
97
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
gustatory bulbs
smell buds
sciatic receptors
olfactory cilia
98
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
closure
constancy
symmetry
99
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Cannon's area
Sperry's area
Broca's area
100
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cultural direction
cognitive structuring
schematizing
stereotypes
101
The last area of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
medulla
occipital cortex
hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex
102
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the control group
the experimental group
the correlational group
the observational group
103
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
conformity
social loafing
deindividuation
group polarization
104
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
syntax
morphemes
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
105
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
106
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
narcotics
sedatives
alcohol
cannabis
107
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
I eated a cookie
give cookie
cookie
108
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
hallucinations
reduction of inhibitions
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
109
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
insight learning
latent learning
classical conditioning
110
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the conscious aspect of personality
111
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
attention encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
112
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
medulla
cerebral cortex
113
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
brightness
color
saturation
light purity
114
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
beta
gamma
delta
alpha
115
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
bipolar
dissociative
unipolar
cyclical
116
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
been dreaming
a headache
117
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
efferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
afferent nerves
autonomic nerves
118
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
predictability
accuracy of inference
representativeness
119
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
formal operations
post-conventional moral reasoning
120
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
functionalism
behaviorism
psychoanalysis
neodynamism
121
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
sleep apnea
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
narcolepsy
122
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
123
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
iris
cornea
lens
vitreous humor
124
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
125
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
intelligence
reasoning
insight
126
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
irrational thoughts
maladaptive behaviors
the unconscious
127
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
brainstem
reticular formation
cerebellum
128
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
rabbit
rat
fear reaction
129
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
location of injury
spinal cord
thalamus
cortex
130
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
prenatals
teratogens
pathogens
131
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
pancreas
sebaceous gland
132
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
fugue
conversion disorder
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
133
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
id mechanisms
defense mechanisms
offense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
134
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
activation-synthesis theory
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
wish fulfillment theory
135
Maintenance Rehearsal is most beneficial for information in _______ memory.
short-term
sensory
intermediate-term
long-term

AP Psychology - AP Exam Review 2019 Flashcards | StudBud