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Epi Final (1 of 2) Flashcards | StudBud
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Epi Final (1 of 2)
Epi Final (1 of 2)
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Answers
1
_______ distorts the true relationship between exposure and disease.
Multivariant analysis
Confounding bias
Ecological fallacy
Stratification
2
Which of the following are observational studies?
Retrospective cohort
Case Control
Prospective cohort
Clinical trial
3
A cohort study is ______ if it starts with exposure and looks for disease into the future
Prospective
Retrospective
4
The source of the 2001 FMD outbreak was traced to...
infected meat/meat products
infection dormant in soil unearthed by pigs rooting
fecal-oral transmission from imported live pigs
infected water troughs
5
What are the most common confounders in veterinary studies?
sex
age
breed
geographic location
6
Action research:
To test a hypothesis and assertain if the evidence is significant
Cyclical in nature
To promote actionable change
May often be nested within case studies
7
Which term refers to proportion of the population at a given point in time that have the factor of interest?
Attack rate
Incidence
Prevalance
8
The goal of quantitative research is to understand a perspective.
True
False
9
Which study cannot estimate incidence or prevalence?
Cohort
case-control
10
Define case study.
Study phenomenon in context of its culture
Documenting lived experiences of people thru interviews, focus groups
In-depth description of the experience of one person, family, group
Developing a theory on what is happening based on interviews, focus groups
11
Which factors match which type of study?
Cohort study - odds ratio
Cohort study - relative risk
Case-control study - odds ratio
Case-control study - relative risk
12
What control method actually ended the 2001 FMD outbreak?
Do nothing, eventually became endemic
Culling infected herds
Good biosecurity including restricting mvmt of farm vehicles
Widespread vaccination
13
Biases often cound in a prospective cohort study, where cause &/or outcome may differ between groups:
Loss to Follow-up Bias
Non-Response Bias
Selection Bias
Sampling Bias
14
Which of these options match the WHO definition of a pandemic?
There must be a disease new to a population
The agent must spread easily and sustainably among humans
The disease must be caused by disease-causing agents that infect humans
The agent must cause high morbidity and mortality
15
Which study is inexpensive, fast and only needs a small number of subjects?
Cohort
case-control
16
Which host? Can get disease but doesn't transmit to others.
reservoir (essential) host
incidental (dead-end) host
amplifier host
17
Which term refers to the measure of the proportion of the population that develops disease at the state of an outbreak?
Attack rate
Prevalance
Incidence
18
Define ethnographic study.
Study phenomenon in context of its culture
In-depth description of the experience of one person, family, group
Developing a theory on what is happening based on interviews, focus groups
Documenting lived experiences of people thru interviews, focus groups
19
Which host? Can get disease, and infectious agent multiplies to high levels. Not required for dz agent life cycle.
incidental (dead-end) host
amplifier host
reservoir (essential) host
20
Which of these terms are identified as causal factors?
Host factors
Quality factors
Agent factors
Environmental influences
21
In point source epidemic animals or persons are subjected to the same BRIEF exposure usually within _ incubation period
4
1
2
3
22
Single case or single group of cases
Case series
Case report
23
Which study can measure incidence?
prospective cohort
retrospective cohort
case-control
24
Qualitative research includes....
Statistical analysis
Ethnography
Grounded Theory
Case Studies
Phenomenology
Clinical Trials
25
Which term refers to NEW cases of disease over a period of time?
Attack rate
Incidence
Prevalance
26
Choose the BH criteria: the causal relationship is specific, meaning there is only 1 exposure that causes 1 outcome
Coherence
Consistency
Specificity
Biological plausibility
27
Choose the correct term: the number of secondary cases generated by the presence of one infected individual
Effective Reproduction number
Basic Reproduction number
28
Screening programs are only implemented if...
economically justifiable
dz has no pre-clinical phase
no risk to population being screened
test has low false positive rate
29
Qualitative research usually involves:
Participant observation
Therapeutic trials
Document analysis
Interviews
Focus groups
Screening tests
30
A cohort study is _____ if it starts with disease and looks back for exposure.
Prospective
Retrospective
31
Confidence intervals that contain the number 1 mean that the results are...
Not statistically significant
Statistically significant
32
Biases often found in a case-control study, where the target population has little chance of being selected:
Selection Bias
Non-Response Bias
Loss to Follow-up Bias
Sampling Bias
33
What was the primary control method employed by the UK during the 2001 FMD outbreak?
cull infected herds (all species)
cull infected pig herds only
vaccinate all pigs and ruminants
vaccinate all pigs
34
Which of these factors can impair making causal inferences?
Multiple causes leading to the same effect
Relationship between cause + outcome already established for similar dz
Lengthy time interval between cause and effect
Causal factor requires other factors for "effect"
35
What are the down sides (cons) of a case report or series?
can't apply results to individual level
no control group
small sample size
can't link exposure to disease
36
Type of sampling where selection is based on a known and predefined interval
Random sampling
Purposive sampling
Stratified sampling
Systematic sampling
37
Confidence intervals that DO NOT contain 1 mean that the results are...
Statistically significant
Not statistically significant
38
Which trend is defined as prolonged exposure to the source over an extended period of time?
Propagating epidemic
Point source epidemic
Continuous common source epidemic
39
The effective reproduction number takes into account...
case-fatality
implementation of public health interventions
number of secondary cases generated by 1 individual
reservoir hosts
40
Answer the Equation: Incidence x Duration of Disease = _____
Attack rate
Prevalance
41
Shows something can happen repeatedly
Case report
Case series
42
Which of the following are non-observational studies?
Case Control
Clinical trial
Prospective cohort
Retrospective cohort
43
Type of sampling where everyone has the same chance of being selected
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Random sampling
Systematic sampling
44
What are some ways you can control confounding bias in the
design
of your study?
Choose the individuals you think are more likely to develop disease
Random sampling
Matching samples by age & sex
Restrict samples to a specific age or sex
45
Herd immunity is accomplished when...
all animals in a herd have been vaccinated
all animals in a herd have experienced clinical disease
entire herd is physically isolated from disease agent
under natural conditions, a contagious agent can't enter/spread thru a herd
46
Sampling where individuals are grouped by characteristics and an entire group is selected
Systematic sampling
Random sampling
Cluster sampling
Stratified sampling
47
What does it mean to "flatten the curve"?
slow down dz transmission using public health interventions
extend the length of dz course
speed up dz transmission so epidemic ends sooner
spread cases over larger geographic area
48
A basic reproduction number (R0) of 2 means that one infected person can spread disease to __ other people.
2
20
5
0.5
49
Cross Sectional Studies....
Incidence study
Shows relationship between exposure and disease
Prevalence study
Over a period of time
At one point in time
Cheap, quick, easy
50
How can we prevent/fix selection biases?
Train interviewers & tech properly
Multiple modes of contact
Randomization
Similar characteristics so they only differ by exposure
51
Choose modes of horizontal disease transmission:
transplacental
fomites
aerosols
vector-borne
52
A confounder must be a factor that effects the exposure only, not the outcome.
False
True
53
A propagation curve epidemic shows ___ of infection.
multiple waves
sporadic points
one wave
54
Whether or not a disease occurs in an individual depends on the interplay of...
The Agent
The Environment
The Host
55
An endemic can become an epidemic if host/agent/environmental factor dynamics change
False
True
56
Which trend is defined as a large number of cases exposed during a short period of time?
Continuous common source epidemic
Point epidemic (point source)
Propagating epidemic
57
The strength of association of a causal relationship can be measured by...
odds ratio
incidence
relative risk
prevalence
58
Define grounded theory.
Documenting lived experiences of people thru interviews, focus groups
Study phenomenon in context of its culture
Developing a theory on what is happening based on interviews, focus groups
In-depth description of the experience of one person, family, group
59
Which of these are examples of host factors?
Sex
Age
Stress
Breed
60
Case reports are usually a clinical narrative and often the first account we have of a disease.
False
True
61
An epidemic disease is a disease that is _____ spread and many individuals acquire disease over a ___ period.
Moderately, long period
Slowly, long period
Rapidly, short period
62
What factors might destabilize existing herd immunity?
high infectivity of disease agent
elimination of fomites
introduction of new susceptible animals to herd
widespread vaccination for herd
departure of immune animals from herd
decreased poulation density of herd
63
Choose the correct term: when a disease occurs with predictable regularity in a population
Epidemic (epizootic)
Sporadic
Pandemic (panzootic)
Endemic (enzootic)
64
Ecological Study...
Performed on a group level
Perfomed at an individual level
65
Which term means a widespread epidemic involving more than one country?
Pandemic (panzootic)
Epidemic (epizootic)
Sporadic
Endemic (enzootic)
66
Which term is associated with a disease that is not new and occurs infrequently (without regularity) in a population?
Sporadic
Endemic (enzootic)
Pandemic (panzootic)
Epidemic (Epizootic)
67
What is the significance of a pre-clinical phase of a disease?
Need to detect dz here for screening tests
horizontal dz transmission occurs here
Time after biologic onset of the disease and before clin signs develop
disease cure is only possible before this point
68
Choose the correct matching of observational studies and their definitions:
Cohort: start with healthy, look for development of dz over time
Cohort: start with dz and healthy, compare frequency of exposure
Case-control: start with healthy, look for development of dz over time
Case-control: start with dz and healthy, compare frequency of exposure
69
Type of sampling where individuals are divided into groups based on characteristics - random samples are taken from each
Cluster sampling
Systematic sampling
Convenience sampling
Stratified sampling
70
Results from an ecological study can easily be applied on an individual level.
False
True
71
Which study is inefficient for studying rare disease?
Cohort
case-control
72
How to fix/prevent information biases:
Blind studies
Implement proper protocols
Utilize multiple diagnositics
Be sure to train your interviewers and techs properly
73
Which term is synonymous with the term outbreak and typically used for infectious diseases?
Epidemic (epizootic)
Endemic (enzootic)
Pandemic (panzootic)
Sporadic
74
Screening programs should be conducted for every infectious disease.
False
True
75
An ecological fallacy is assuming that what is true for the group is also true for an individual within the group.
False
True
76
Where were the
first signs
of the 2001 foot and mouth disease outbreak discovered in the UK?
live pigs on farm
sheep at slaughterhouse
pigs at slaughterhouse
live sheep on farm
77
Choose the correct Bradford Hill criteria: the cause-effect relationship can be explained by biological mechanisms.
Consistency
Coherence
Biological plausibility
Specificity
78
Quantitative research might be done through surveys and statistics.
True
False
79
Which bias? A group in a study is monitored more closely because they are perceived as being high risk of getting dz
Recall Bias
Observer Bias
Interviewer Bias
Surveillance Bias
Selection Bias
Loss of follow up Bias
80
Define phenomenology.
Developing a theory on what is happening based on interviews, focus groups
Study phenomenon in context of its culture
Documenting lived experiences of people thru interviews, focus groups
In-depth description of the experience of one person, family, group
81
What are some ways you can control confounding bias in the
analysis
of your study?
Multivariant analysis
Stratification
Randomization
Ethnography
82
Which phase(s) of a pandemic show widespread human infection?
Phase 1
Phase 5
Phase 2
Phase 4
Phase 6
Phase 3
83
Which of these are examples of environmental factors?
Temperature
Virulence
Pathogenicity
Humidity
Cleaning of the environment
Herd/Flock level
84
A basic repro number (R0) of >1 means infection will spread...
sporadically
slowly
moderately
exponentially
85
What is the defining characteristic of a non-observational study (clinincal/ therapeutic/ preventative trial)?
Includes an intervention to treat or prevent disease
Measures prevalence but not incidence
Always double-blind
Based on interviews and focus groups
86
Sampling usually done by ease or proximity/accessiblity.
Purposive sampling
Cluster sampling
Systematic sampling
Convenience sampling
87
Descriptive studies...
Test hypotheses
Inexpensive
Easy to collect data/information
Useful when little is known about a pathogen or disease
Describe patterns of disease
Faster
88
Which host? Can get disease, and infectious agent multiplies to high levels.
Required
for dz agent life cycle.
amplifier host
incidental (dead-end) host
reservoir (essential) host
89
Information bias involves the lack of proper history &/or measurement errors.
False
True
