stud
bud
Sign up
Log in
Home
Library
Explore
SAT
More
Fall Biology Final Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud
Explore
/
Fall Biology Final Exam Review
Fall Biology Final Exam Review
100 terms
·
StudBud Administration
·
124 plays
Imported from external platform
Flashcards
100 cards
F
Practice quiz
P
Host live
L
Questions
100
Answers
1
In an endergonic reaction, energy is ______ and delta G is ______.
Absorbed; negative
Released; negative
Absorbed; positive
Released; positive
2
Where does mRNA splicing occur?
In the nucleus
In the cytoplasm
3
Which of the following is false regarding lipid-soluble hormones?
Message will be amplified inside the cell
Hormone-receptor complex is transported to nucleus & alters gene expression
Binds to receptors inside the cell
Trigger a change in the cell’s activity
4
In the cell cycle, chromosomes will replicate during which phase?
G0 phase
G2 phase
S phase
G1 phase
5
Differentiate the origin of replication in eukaryotic cells and bacteria.
Bacteria have one origin of replication while eukaryotic cells have many
Bacteria have many origins of replication while eukaryotic cells have one
6
Acids are ____, while bases are _____.
Proton acceptors, proton donors
Proton donors, protein acceptors
7
Two chromatids attached at the centromere are called
Chromosomes
Gene
Cohesins
Sister chromatids
8
Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through
Intermediate filaments
Tight junctions
Gap junctions
Desmosomes
9
Mechanism where the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step in a pathway described as
Feedback inhibition
Metabolic inhibition
Reversible feedback
Allosteric inhibition
10
What is the name of the linkage between the nucleic acids within the DNA backbone?
Hydrogen Bond
Phosphate Bond
Phosphodiester Bond
Ionic Bond
11
Which of the following is true regarding meiosis?
Occurs in haploid cells → diploid cells
Four genetically different cells result
Two genetically identical daughter cells result → mitosis
No crossing-over or synapsis occurs
12
A cell has higher concentrations of solutes outside the cell, resulting in water leaving and cell shrinking.
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Hypertonic
13
T/F: Two attached sister chromatids are still considered a single chromosome.
False
True
14
Define hydrolysis.
Removes components of water as a new covalent bond joins subunits together
Add water as covalent bonds break, splitting molecule into smaller units
15
This organelle is found in animal cells, but not plant cells. They have special enzymes that allow for digestion.
Lysosome
Ribosome
Mitochondria
ER
16
What is the function of recognition proteins?
Identify a cell as part of the same individual or as foreign
Recognize and bind molecules from other cells that act as chemical signals
Bind cells together by recognizing and binding receptors on other cells
Form channels to allow selected polar molecules to pass across the membrane
17
In a nonpolar covalent bond…
Electrons are shared unequally
Electrons are shared equally
18
Which two processes are involved in oxidative phosphorylation?
Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis and substrate-level phosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation and citric acid cycle
Citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
19
What occurs during the initiation phase of transcription?
Transcription factors bind to the promoter in the area of the TATA box
The RNA chain is continuing to extend due to RNA polymerase II
DNA is continuing to unwind ahead of RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase II is release from the DNA template
20
True or False: DNA synthesis ALWAYS proceeds in the 3’ to 5’ direction.
True
False
21
Lipids_____.
Are made from glycerol, fatty acids, and nitrogen atoms
Are insoluble in water
Contains less energy than proteins and carbohydrates
Are made by hydrolysis reactions
22
Integral membrane proteins ______.
Bind to the membrane without passing it
Span the membrane and pass through the lipid bilayer
23
Which of the following is true regarding the lac operon?
Repressor is synthesized in inactive form
Allolactose inactivates the repressor
Repressor blocks transcription of the operon
Tryptophan activates the repressor
24
How many net gain of ATP is there in glycolysis?
2 ATP
4 ATP
0 ATP
6 ATP
25
Where is glycolysis performed in the cell?
Nucleus
Golgi
Cytosol
Mitochondria
26
Which of the following is false regarding gel electrophoresis?
Results are interpreted based on length of DNA fragment
Produce an extremely large number of copies of specific DNA sequence
A common gel type used is agarose
Separates DNA/RNA molecules and proteins based on size/electrical charges
27
Which of the following is true regarding RNA and DNA?
RNA contains deoxyribose; DNA has ribose
Both RNA and DNA contain the base T
RNA contains a U and DNA contains a T
RNA is more stable than DNA
28
What is the order of the Scientific Method?
Observation, Hypothesis, Predict, Experiment, Interpret
Observation, Experiment, Hypothesis, Predict, Interpret
Observation, Interpret, Hypothesis, Predict, Experiment
Observation, Predict, Interpret, Hypothesis, Experiment
29
Which binding site does the growing polypeptide chain bind to on a ribosome?
P site
A site
E site
30
Define Missense mutation.
sense codon is changed to a diff. codon, but codes for same amino acid
A sense codon is changed to a stop codon
sense codon changes to a diff. sense codon & specifies a diff. amino acid
31
Principle demonstrates traits of diff. characters distributed to offspring independently and are not inherited together.
Principle of Independent Assortment
Principle of Segregation
32
When does the addition of the 5’ cap and 3’ tail occur?
Before transcription
After translation
After splicing of introns
Before splicing of introns
33
Which type of transport involves the movement of molecules against its concentration gradient with the help of ATP?
Osmosis
Passive transport
Diffusion
Active transport
34
Meiosis produces _________ while mitosis produces ________, respectively.
Gametes, somatic cells
Somatic cells, gametes
35
Name this functional group:
Carboxyl
Amino
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
36
Define allosteric regulation.
Inhibitors bind at a location other than the active site
Inhibitors bind to the active site
37
Which of the following is true regarding introns?
Are read continuously
Non-protein-coding sequences that are removed
Amino acid-coding sequences
Within the finished mRNA
38
Define nonsense mutation.
sense codon is changed to a diff. codon that specifies a diff. amino acid
A sense codon is changed to a stop codon
A single base pair deletion or insertion in the coding region of a gene
sense codon is changed to a diff. codon & specifies the same amino acid
39
Electrons carried by NADH are transferred to an organic acceptor molecule (converts NADH to NAD+), in the absence of O2
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Oxidative phosphorylation
40
Which DNA polymerase forms the lagging strand during DNA replication?
DNA polymerase III
DNA polymerase I
41
The normal function of a tumor suppressor gene is to ________.
suppress growth of tumors already present in all multicellular eukaryotes
prevent meiosis
prevent progression of the cell cycle unless conditions are right
prevent mutations in p53
42
Define promoters.
Prevents the operon gene from being expressed
Turns on gene expression
Short segment to which a regulatory protein binds
Site at which RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription
43
Where in the cell are the electron transport chain and ATP synthase enzymes located?
Matrix of the mitochondria
Cytosol
Inner membrane of mitochondria
Outer membrane of mitochondria
44
What is the function of topoisomerase?
Cuts and rejoins DNA to prevent twisting
Exposes single-stranded DNA segments
Unwinds the DNA strands
Catalyzes DNA synthesis
45
Which type of repair involves repairing bulky distortions in DNA?
Nucleotide-excision repair
Base-excision repair
46
How would you describe a lipid?
Polar/Hydrophobic Head & Nonpolar/Hydrophilic Tail
Polar/Hydrophilic Head & Nonpolar/Hydrophobic Tail
Polar/Hydrophilic Tail & Nonpolar/Hydrophobic Head
47
Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?
Dehydration
Metabolism
catabolism (catabolic pathways)
anabolism (anabolic pathways
48
T/F: All living organisms have homeostatic systems that control internal acidity near the neutral value of pH 7.
True
False
49
Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?
Hydrogen bonds
Peptide bonds
Disulfide bonds
Phosphodiester bonds
50
True/False: DNA polymerases work in multiple directions.
False
True
51
True/False Plants are a part of the prokaryotic domain.
True
False
52
If the genetic code is unambiguous, then …
All but two amino acids are encoded by more than one codon
All codon specify the same amino acids in all organisms
One codon never codes for more than one amino acid
Codons are red one at a time
53
G-protein-coupled receptors may initiate production of what inside the target cell?
First messengers
Signaling messengers
Second messengers
Tertiary messengers
54
Which of the following is false regarding a water molecule?
Water molecule is asymmetric
Oxygen atom forms polar covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms
Electrons are mostly attracted to the oxygen atom
Electrons are mostly attracted to the hydrogen atoms
55
How does temperature affect enzyme function?
Affects the enzyme’s shape and reactivity
Affects the folding and movement of the enzyme and its substrate
56
Which of the following is always present in a prokaryotic cell?
Ribosome
ER
Mitochondria
Nuclear envelope
57
What is the function of primase in DNA replication?
For the lagging strand
Bind Okasaki fragments together
Initiates all new strands
Unwinds DNA
58
Which of these describes “few-sugars?”
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Oligosaccharide
59
What happens during degradation, a type of post-translational regulation?
Addition or removal of chemical groups
Proteins are marked with ubiquitin tags and broken down by proteasomes
Orotein is synthesized as inactive precursor & activated regulatory control
60
What of the following mutations is portrayed in this image?
Translocation
Inversion
Duplication
Deletion
61
Which of the following occurs during termination of translation?
Stop codon arrives at the A site and read by a protein release factor
Protein initiation factors are recruited to the ribosome
RNA transcript and RNA polymerase II are released from the DNA template
A protein elongation factor is recruited to the ribosome
62
What is the difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin?
Euchromatin is loosely packed and heterochromatin is densely packed
Euchromatin is densely packed while heterochromatin is loosely packed
63
Which of the following describes anaphase?
Sister chromatids are pulled apart
Nuclear envelope breaks down
New nuclear envelope develops
Chromosomes line up at the center between two spindle poles
64
Which of the following is true regarding experimental data?
Provides info about systems that have not yet been well studied
Descriptive science
Describes the result of careful manipulation of the system under study
Basic info on biological structures or details of biological processes
65
Define genotype.
An individual with two different alleles of a gene
Refers to organism’s appearance
True-breeding individual
Genetic constitution of an organism in terms of genes and alleles
66
Nucleic acids are polymers made up of which of the following monomers?
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Phosphates
Nitrogenous bases
67
Using your knowledge of DNA and RNA, this sequence is a DNA sequence: ATGCGCATUGCATGC
True
False
68
T/F: Water has a high specific heat.
True
False
69
Which of the following are pyrimidines?
C, U, T
G, C, U
T, A, G
A, T, C
70
Transcribe this sequence: ATG CTG GGG ACA.
UAC GAC CCC UGU
TAC GAC CCC UGU
TAC GAC CCC TGT
UAC GAC CCC TGT
71
What is the function of DNA ligase?
Removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA
Catalyzes the synthesis of the RNA primer
Catalyzes the joining of Okasaki fragments
Holds DNA polymerase in place during strand extension
72
What is the main event that occurs during telophase?
Sister chromatids start to line up in the middle of the cell
Microtubule spindles form
Sister chromatids start to pull apart
A new nuclear envelope begins to form around each set of chromosome
73
What type of reaction has a positive free energy?
Endergonic reaction
Exergonic reaction
74
T/F: Chargaff proposed the number of purines does not match the number of pyrimidines.
False
True
75
What is the pH range for acidic solutions?
Greater than 7
Less than 7
76
Put the life cycle of a cell in order
Cell growing & DNA replication→ division of the cytoplasm→ nuclear division
Nuclear division→division of the cytoplasm→ cell growth and DNA replication
Cell growing & DNA replication→ division of the cytoplasm→nuclear division
Cell growing & DNA replication→ nuclear division→ division of the cytoplasm
77
Place the steps of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in order.
Annealing → Extension → Denaturation
Extension → Annealing → Denaturation
Annealing → Denaturation → Extension
Denaturation → Annealing → Extension
78
Which bond links the 3’ end of one sugar and 5’ carbon of another sugar in DNA?
Phosphodiester bond
Ester bond
Phosphate Bond
Hydrogen Bond
79
In negative control, a gene is switched off when ________.
a kinase adds a phosphate to DNA
regulatory protein binds to DNA and shuts down transcription
lactose is transported into the cell
a regulatory protein is removed from DNA and shuts down transcription
80
What makes sexually reproduced offspring genetically different from their parents?
genetic recombination during meiosis
crossing over during mitosis
sexual reproduction does not produce genetically different offspring.
genetic recombination during mitosis
81
Which is an example of dehydration synthesis?
Maltose -> 2 glucose molecules
Sucrose -> glucose and fructose
monosaccharides -> disaccharides
Lactose -> galactose and glucose
82
True/False: Enzymes are consumed during the reaction.
False
True
83
At the end of mitosis, the daughter cells are ______________ to the parent cell and to each other.
Produce half the amount of hereditary material as the parent
Genetically identical
Genetically different
84
Put the three stages of cellular respiration in order.
Oxidative phosphorylation → Pyruvate oxidation → Glycolysis
Glycolysis → Pyruvate oxidation → oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis → oxidative phosphorylation → pyruvate oxidation
Pyruvate oxidation → glycolysis → oxidative phosphorylation
85
Where is the DNA of a prokaryote stored?
Nucleoid
Golgi
Mitochondria
Nucleus
86
Central Vacuoles are present in both animal and plant cells.
False
True
87
Which of the following is false regarding transcription in eukaryotes and bacteria?
Transcription factors must bind to promoter for transcription to occur
RNA polymerase II directly binds to DNA in eukaryotes
RNA polymerase II directly binds to DNA in bacteria
Bacteria have specific DNA sequences (terminators) that ends transcription
88
Which protein structure involves the twisting and turning of amino acids?
Tertiary
Quaternary
Secondary
Primary
89
Which of the following is false regarding prokaryotic cells?
Contain a single, circular chromosome
Chromosomes are in a nucleoid
Lack membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic cells are generally much smaller
90
In what direction is RNA synthesized?
3’ to 5’
5’ to 3’
91
Which of the following processes occurs during transcription?
proteins are synthesized
DNA is replicated
mRNA attaches to ribosomes
RNA is synthesized
92
The lock-and-key analogy for enzymes applies to the specificity of enzymes ________.
Binding to their substrate
Interacting with water
As they form their tertiary structure
Interacting with ions
93
Choose the correct pair:
Transcription: DNA → protein
Translation: RNA → protein
Translation: DNA → RNA
Transcription: RNA → DNA
94
Place the 5 stages of mitosis in order.
Prophase-> Prometaphase-> Anaphase -> Metaphase -> Telophase
Prophase-> Prometaphase-> Metaphase-> Anaphase-> Telophase
Metaphase-> Anaphase-> Telophase -> Prophase-> Prometaphase
Prometaphase -> Metaphase -> Anaphase -> Telophase -> Prophase
95
Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?
the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis
the citric acid cycle
96
In what direction is the template strand read during DNA replication?
3’ to 5’
5’ to 3’
97
Which kingdom BEST involves decomposers that break down and absorb biological molecules from dead organisms?
Archaea
Plantae
Protist
Fungi
98
Water is a _____, with a dissolvable substance is a ____.
solute ; solvent
Solvent; solute
99
Where do the proteins made from the ribosomes on the rough ER go after they are made?
A vesicle picks them up
Into the smooth ER lumen
Into the rough ER lumen to be modified
straight to the Golgi
100
What are the products of the citric acid cycle after ONE cycle?
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 ATP, 1 CoA
4 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 2 CoA
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, 1 CoA
3 NADH, 2 FADH2, 1 ATP, 1 CoA
