What is the key difference between interval and ratio scales?

Ratio scales have a true zero, interval scales do not.

What does "sampling error" refer to?

The difference between sample and population results.

What does "R²" measure in a regression model?

The strength of the relationship between variables.

What does "homogeneity of variances" mean in a t-test?

Both groups have similar variances.

What does it mean for a hypothesis to be falsifiable?

It can be tested and proven false.

What is the primary purpose of an operational definition?

To connect theory with measurable variables.

What is a characteristic of multistage sampling?

Sampling is done in multiple steps using clusters.

What is a limitation of secondary data in research?

It may lack relevance to the research question.

What is the purpose of the Likert scale?

To measure opinions or attitudes.

Why are ethical guidelines important in research?

They protect participants’ rights and well-being.

Which is an assumption of the Chi-square test?

The variables must be nominal or ordinal.

What is the difference between inductive and deductive approaches?

Deductive starts with theory, inductive starts with observation.

What is the role of pretests in questionnaire design?

Identify issues in content and structure.

What is panel mortality?

Participants drop out over time in a longitudinal study.

In a research context, what is meant by "ecological fallacy"?

Misinterpreting aggregate data for individual conclusions.

What is an example of a reflective measurement model?

Life satisfaction influencing happiness ratings.

Which of the following is a key difference between a stratified sample and a cluster sample?

Stratified samples focus on subgroups, clusters focus on randomness.

What does the "standard error" measure?

Difference between sample and population mean.

What does an interaction model explain?

How a third variable changes the strength of a relationship.q

What is an advantage of using qualitative methods?

Captures deeper insights into complex topics.

What is the purpose of factor analysis?

To group related variables into dimensions.

What is the primary limitation of a non-random sample?

Cannot generalize to the population.

When should you use a one-tailed hypothesis test instead of a two-tailed test?

When testing for specific directional effects.

Which is an example of an additive index?

Adding weighted indicators to form a score.

When should you use non-proportional stratified sampling?

When certain strata are more important.

What is the main purpose of a semantic differential scale?

Capture perceptions on a continuum.

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Questions 30

Answers

1
What is the key difference between interval and ratio scales?
Interval scales allow all mathematical operations.
Ratio scales have a true zero, interval scales do not.
Ratio scales are less precise.
Interval scales measure categories, ratio scales do not.
2
What does "sampling error" refer to?
Inconsistent sampling techniques.
Errors in random assignment.
The difference between sample and population results.
Errors in population data.
3
What does "R²" measure in a regression model?
The error in predictions.
The strength of the relationship between variables.
The reliability of the measurement tool.
The sample size required for significance.
4
Which of the following is not part of the research process?
Formulating the problem
Ensuring bias in data
Analyzing the results
Collecting empirical evidence
5
What does "homogeneity of variances" mean in a t-test?
Both groups have similar variances.
Both groups use the same measurement scale.
Both groups have the same sample size.
Both groups have equal means.
6
What does it mean for a hypothesis to be falsifiable?
It must include variables.
It is always true.
It can be tested and proven false.
It requires operational definitions.
7
What is the primary purpose of an operational definition?
To connect theory with measurable variables.
To test a hypothesis.
To standardize survey questions.
To validate results.
8
What is a characteristic of multistage sampling?
It is more accurate than stratified sampling.
It eliminates sampling bias completely.
Sampling is done in multiple steps using clusters.
It only applies to small populations.
9
Which scale of measurement is best for ranking preferences in order?
Ordinal
Interval
Nominal
Ratio
10
What is a limitation of secondary data in research?
It may lack relevance to the research question.
It is more reliable than primary data.
It is always expensive to collect.
It cannot be used for qualitative research.
11
What is the purpose of the Likert scale?
To test statistical relationships.
To measure opinions or attitudes.
To test variance.
To determine sample size.
12
Why are ethical guidelines important in research?
They protect participants’ rights and well-being.
They reduce costs of data collection.
They ensure results are accurate.
They guarantee scientific approval.
13
Which is an assumption of the Chi-square test?
The data must be continuous.
The variables must be nominal or ordinal.
The sample size must be small.
The data must be normally distributed.
14
What is the difference between inductive and deductive approaches?
Deductive starts with theory, inductive starts with observation.
Inductive starts with theory, deductive starts with observation.
Inductive is for testing hypotheses.
Deductive is for qualitative research only.
15
What is an advantage of using panel data over cross-sectional data?
Easier data collection.
Captures changes over time.
Requires less analysis.
Higher representativeness.
16
What is the role of pretests in questionnaire design?
Simplify data analysis.
Test for causal relationships.
Ensure statistical significance.
Identify issues in content and structure.
17
What is panel mortality?
Loss of data due to faulty tools.
Variance in sample size.
Random error in survey responses.
Participants drop out over time in a longitudinal study.
18
In a research context, what is meant by "ecological fallacy"?
Assuming variables are unrelated.
Overgeneralizing from a small sample.
Misinterpreting aggregate data for individual conclusions.
Errors caused by sampling bias.
19
What is an example of a reflective measurement model?
Income influencing education level.
Life satisfaction influencing happiness ratings.
Social status influencing income.
Education influencing health outcomes.
20
Which of the following is a key difference between a stratified sample and a cluster sample?
Clusters are used for experimental designs.
Clusters are homogenous, strata are not.
Stratified samples are always larger than clusters.
Stratified samples focus on subgroups, clusters focus on randomness.
21
Why is random sampling important in statistical analysis?
It reduces sampling bias.
It improves measurement accuracy.
It ensures equal variances.
It guarantees causation.
22
What does the "standard error" measure?
Difference between sample and population mean.
Deviation within a sample.
Variance in the sample data.
Accuracy of a single measurement.
23
What does an interaction model explain?
How a third variable changes the strength of a relationship.q
How unrelated variables are correlated.
The direct relationship between two variables.
Errors caused by random sampling.
24
What is an advantage of using qualitative methods?
Reduces data collection costs.
Captures deeper insights into complex topics.
Provides larger sample sizes.
Easier to analyze statistically.
25
What is the purpose of factor analysis?
To improve random sampling.
To test a causal hypothesis.
To group related variables into dimensions.
To identify random errors.
26
What is the primary limitation of a non-random sample?
Always expensive to collect.
Takes more time to analyze.
Cannot generalize to the population.
Cannot test hypotheses.
27
When should you use a one-tailed hypothesis test instead of a two-tailed test?
When population size is large.
When comparing more than two groups.
When testing for specific directional effects.
When variance is unknown.
28
Which is an example of an additive index?
Adding weighted indicators to form a score.
Combining only non-correlated variables.
Multiplying indicator scores for precision.
Dividing each indicator by the mean.
29
When should you use non-proportional stratified sampling?
When strata are homogenous.
When variance is equal in all strata.
When all strata have equal sizes.
When certain strata are more important.
30
What is the main purpose of a semantic differential scale?
Measure statistical variance.
Test causal hypotheses.
Rank categorical variables.
Capture perceptions on a continuum.

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