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AP Psychology Semester 1 Review 2022-2023 Flashcards | StudBud
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AP Psychology Semester 1 Review 2022-2023
AP Psychology Semester 1 Review 2022-2023
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1
Frequency is to ___________ as amplitude is to ____________.
pitch; loudness
loudness; pitch
perception; sensation
sensation; perception
2
Hair cells line the surface of the
fovea
feature detectors
eardrum
basilar membrane
3
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Cannon's area
Sperry's area
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
4
In response to harmful stimulus, ___ initiate neural impulses leading to the sensation of pain
vestibular sensory
ganglion fibers
bipolar cells
nociceptors
5
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
representativeness heuristic
law of small numbers
6
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
iris
lens
vitreous humor
7
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
8
Black & white vision w/ greatest sensitivity under low levels of illumination describes role of
Cones
Fovea
Cornea
Rods
9
The process of receiving and representing stimulus energies by the nervous system is called
sensation
accommodation
perception
priming
10
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
reticular formation
limbic system
leftbrain/right brain communication
11
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
12
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
bottom-to-top processing
13
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia
14
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
15
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
episodic memories
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
16
The pitch of a sound is determined by what?
the frequency of the sound wave
the loudness of the sound wave
the decibel level of the sound wave
the amplitude of the sound wave
17
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
brainstem
limbic system
reticular formation
cerebellum
18
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
short-term
intermediate-term
long-term
sensory
19
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
oval window
cochlea
temporal lobe
20
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
intelligence; personality
intelligence; standardized
21
Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?
cones
feature detectors
rods
optic nerves
22
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the autonomic nervous system
the endocrine system
memory
feeding
23
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
sensory memory
subliminal threshold
just noticeable difference
24
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
accuracy of inference
predictability
consistency
representativeness
25
Framing refers to...
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
26
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
functionalism
behaviorism
neodynamism
27
See Image for Question
our experience of emotion depends on how we interpret the body's arousal.
there are subtle but distinct physiological differences among the emotions.
happiness is largely a function of experience.
some emotions can be experienced apart from cognition.
28
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
29
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
I eated a cookie
cookie
give cookie
30
The name of the transparent protective coating over the front part of the eye is:
Fovea
Lens
Iris
Cornea
31
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
sensation
hypnosis
consciousness
perception
32
The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the rods and cones is the
cornea
retina
optic nerve
fovea
33
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
syntax
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
34
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
physiological recordings
direct observation
questionnaires
psychological tests
35
The fovea, which is responsible for foveal vision, allows us to
see figures in color
see figures only in black and white
see figures clearly, distinctly, and in fine detail
see figures movements
36
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
closure
symmetry
constancy
similiarity
37
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
thalamus
pineal gland
corpus callosum
parietal lobe
38
An antagonist...
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
39
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
moving a part of his body
seeing a flash of light
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
40
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction capacity
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
41
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
anterograde amnesia
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
42
Which theory best explains how we perceived low-pitched sounds?
frequency theory
place theory
gate-control theory
opponent-process theory
43
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
lesioning
ESB
tumor ligation
44
Ms. It says that the need for physical safety must be met before city dwellers will make friends with others. An example
of set point
of instincts
of homeostasis
of a hierarchy motive
45
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
46
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the brain
conscious experience
the unconscious
behavior
47
Feature detectors pass information to other cortical areas where complex patterns are
processed by supercell clusters
processed by bipolar cells
processed by opponent-process cells
processed by the optic nerve
48
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
cortex
location of injury
thalamus
49
Bottom-up processing involves analysis that begins with the
sensory receptors
cerebral cortex
feature detectors
optic nerve
50
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the control group
the correlational group
the observational group
the experimental group
51
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
dyadic encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
52
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
intelligence
cognition
introspection
mentalism
53
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
percentiles
correlation coefficients
means
54
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
light purity
saturation
brightness
color
55
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves
56
Which theory can best explain why people respond differently to the same stimuli?
Signal Detection Theory
Frequency Theory
Opponent-Process Theory
Bottom-Up Theory
57
Experiencing a green afterimage of a red object is most easily explained by
the frequency theory
the gate-control theory
the opponent-process theory
the Young-Helmholtz theory
58
The effect of prior experience & current expectations on perceptions best illustrates the
importance of accommodation
importance of transduction
the importance of top-down processing
the importance of sensory thresholds
59
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
ablated
encoded
modeled
60
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
pitch
loudness
decibels
61
Theory suggest that large-fiber activity in spine prevents pain signals from reaching the brain
gate-control theory
opponent-process theory
signal detection theory
frequency theory
62
See Image for Question
central
sympathetic
parasympathetic
somatic
63
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
criterion-related validity
predictive validity
standardized validity
content validity
64
The James-Lange theory of emotion states that
the expression of emotion reduces our level of physiological arousal.
experience emotion we must be physically aroused& able to label the emotion
emotion is to be aware of physiological response to emotion-arousing event.
cognitive experience of emotion determine extent of physiological arousal
65
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
semantic network
chunk
schema
66
If an adult develops cataracts, his/her
difference threshold for light is likely to remain unchanged
difference threshold for light is likely to decrease
absolute threshold for light is likely to increase
absolute threshold for light is likely to decrease
67
The image below is an example of the gestalt principle of
continuity
proximitly
similarity
closure
68
For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce
an instinct
homeostasis
the set point
a drive
69
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
a personality test
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
an achievement test
70
You typically fail to consciously perceive that your own nose is in your line of vision. This
best illustrates fovea
best illustrates change blindness
best illustrates selective attention
best illustrates subliminal perceptions
71
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
action potentials
neurotransmitters
agonists
72
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
reasoning
insight
intelligence
73
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
74
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
spatial
mechanical
musical
logical-mathemathical
75
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
G. Stanley Hall
Rene Decartes
76
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
a false alarm
a superimposed stimulus
77
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
partial storage
partial retrieval
78
Weber's law is relevant to an understanding of
difference thresholds
sensory adaptation
absolute thresholds
parallel processing
79
The final step required to convert vibrations into sound sensations takes place where?
Cochlea
Outer ear
Middle ear
Ossicles
80
The area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the
pupil
blind spot
cornea
visual cortex
81
The semicircular canals are most directly relevant to
hearing
kinesthesis
parallel processin
the vestibular sense
82
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
processing
perception
sensation
83
Which theory would be most helpful for explaining why people are motivated to watch horror movies?
arousal theory
drive-reduction theory
instinct theory
incentive theory
84
When we select, organize, & interpret sensory info so we can recognize objects/events it's
parallel processing
sensation
priming
perception
85
Jo &her partner want to feel&express greater warmth &affection for the other. They should spend time looking intently at
one another's body position
one another's hand gestures
one another's eyes
one another's lips
86
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
car-nose
tree-bird
fill-feed
boat-goat
87
Which of the following types of cells are located in the brain's occipital lobe?
rods and cones
hair cells
feature detectors
bipolar cells
88
See Image for Question
belongingness
instinct
self-actualization
safety
89
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
acetylcholine
endorphin
dopamine
serotonin
90
The greatest density of cones exists in which part of the eye?
Lens
Fovea
Pupil
Cornea
91
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
mental age
a percentile score
IQ
a potential score
92
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mean
median
mode
midpoint
93
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
platonic
phonemic
morphemic
mnemonic
94
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
reiteration
recall
recognition
relearning
95
According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the experience of an emotion
precedes physiological arousal.
depends on the intensity of physiological arousal.
can occur only after physiological arousal.
occurs simultaneously with physiological arousal.
96
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
unrealistic demands from family/friends
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
97
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thyroid
pituitary
thalamus
gonads
98
Olfactory cells are the receptors for what sense?
Hearing
Vision
Smell
Taste
99
Damage to the hammer, anvil, and stirrup is most likely to cause
phantom limb sensations
sensorineural hearing loss
prosopagnosia
conduction hearing loss
100
Objects are brought into focus on the retina by changes in the curve/thickness of the
rods and cones
optic nerve
bipolar cells
lens
