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AP Psychology Final Review
AP Psychology Final Review
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AP Psychology
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1
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
dissociation
tolerance
antagonists
activation-synthesis
2
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
presence of an authority figure
size of the group
placebo effect
wearing guard uniforms
3
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
latent learning
modeling
sublimation
mirror neurons
4
Which is most closely associated with creativity
contextual intelligence
hypothesis testing
functional fixedness
divergent thinking
5
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
fundamental attribution error
cognitive dissonance
self-serving bias
self-fulfilling prophecy
6
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
remove : increase
remove : punish
remove : decrease
add : decrease
7
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
8
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
evolutionary
behavioral
psychoanalytic
cognitive
9
After a natural disaster Erica says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
just world bias
Barnum effect
false consensus effect
self-serving bias
10
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
11
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
social facilitation
groupthink
group polarization
deindividuation
12
What number will tell Kat whether her research is statistically significant
a probability of chance less than 5%
a correlation coefficient close to .75
a standard deviation of 4 or more
a mean that is the same as the median
13
When running for class president, Zoe puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
deindividuation
mere-exposure effect
central route persuasion
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
14
people who catch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
insight learning
counterconditioning
latent learning
observational learning
15
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
test-retest reliability
construct validity
standardization
aptitude measures
16
Morgan believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
a strong superego
low self-esteem
an extraverted personality
high self-efficacy
17
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
split-half reliability
test-retest reliability
predictive validity
content validity
18
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
fixed ratio
fixed variable
variable interval
continuous
19
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
major depressive disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
20
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
systematic desensitization
counterconditioning
rational emotive behavior therapy
aversion therapy
21
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
sublimation
displacement
projection
reaction formation
22
A low level of glucose in Owen's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
make new friends
eat a meal
pursue a romantic interest
go for a run
23
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
a desk and/or table
four legs and a seat
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
pens, pencils, and a computer
24
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
oral stage
phallic stage
anal stage
latency period
25
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
somatic nervous system
serotonin system
endocrine system
sympathetic nervous system
26
Abby has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
habituation
assimilation
accommodation
discrimination
27
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
hearing
touch
sight
smell
28
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Harlow's contact comfort theory
Piaget's cognitive development theory
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Kohlberg's moral development theory
29
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
scapegoating
superordinate goals
out-group homogeneity
stereotyping
30
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
overconfidence
a theory
self-serving bias
hindsight bias
31
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
continuous
primary
secondary
partial
32
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
his research wasn't representative of the population
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
33
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
linear perspective
retinal disparity
convergence
closure
34
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
social roles
conformity
disinhibition
social facilitation
35
which of the following is most likely to lead to a confabulated memory
leading questions
brain injury
relearning effect
proactive interference
36
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
interference with memory tasks
sleep apnea and night terrors
heightened manifest dream content
37
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
token economies
REBT
systematic desensitization
client-centered therapy
38
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
39
In people, rods, unlike cones,
are unable to detect motion
have a lower absolute threshold for light
respond more quickly to colors
are located in the center of the retina
40
which structure is part of the inner ear
auditory canal
malleus (hammer)
basilar membrane
tympanic membrane
41
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
attachment
motor development
assimilation
parenting style
42
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
cognitive
psychoanalytic
humanistic
trait
43
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
post-traumatic stress disorder
bipolar disorder
dissociative identity disorder
panic disorder
44
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
Schachter two-factor theory
opponent process theory
James-Lange theory
social facilitation theory
45
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
primary drives
intrinsic motivation
need for achievement
extrinsic motivation
46
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
cognitive
humanistic
evolutionary
psychodynamic
47
Anna is more alert in the morning; Aedan in the evening. This is because of differences in
daily activities
circadian rhythm
sleep cycles
personalities
48
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
inferential statistics
standard deviation
counterbalancing
descriptive statistics
49
When Ryan is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Ryan is not late again
positive punishment
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
modeling
50
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
major depressive disorder
bipolar disorder
dissociative identity disorder
schizophrenia
51
authoritarian parents demonstrate
low warmth and high control
high warmth and high control
low warmth and low control
high warmth and low control
52
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
hippocampus
Wernicke's area
Gage's area
Broca's area
53
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
hearing
touch
sight
balance
54
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
violation of confidentiality
lack of debriefing
lack of informed consent
risk of psychological harm
55
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Ethan gets the flu. What theory explains this
James-Lange theory of emotion
Yerkes-Dodson law
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
56
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
binocular and monocular cues
top-down and bottom-up processing
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
proximity and similarity
57
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
achievement
triarchic
projective
standardized
58
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
write with a pencil
clap their hands
say a sentence
cut with a knife
59
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
nausea and food or drink
performing a task and receiving food
punishment and aversion
movement and electrical shocks
60
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
schedules; punishers
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
learned responses; physiological reactions
fixed intervals; variable ratios
61
the somatic nervous system is part of the
peripheral nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
central nervous system
autonomic nervous system
62
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
hypothalamus
cerebellum
amygdala
medulla
63
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
out-group homogeneity
self-fulfilling prophecy
fundamental attribution error
reciprocity norm
64
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
median
range
mean
standard deviation
65
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
extraversion
neuroticism
openness
conscientiousness
66
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on
fluid intelligence
crystallized intelligence
multiple intelligences
aptitude intelligence
67
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
stimulus discrimination
unconditioned response
stimulus generalization
spontaneous recovery
68
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
the Oedipus complex
an external locus of control
the self-serving bias
unconditional positive regard
69
Audrey learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
law of effect
behavior shaping
token economy
higher-order conditioning
70
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
specific changes in the brain
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
71
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
opponent-process theory
transduction theory
gate-control theory
frequency theory
72
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
trait
psychoanalyst
social-cognitive
humanist
73
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
hypothalamus
pons
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
74
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
inappropriate or flat affect
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
disconnection from reality and delusions
substance abuse and dependence
75
Jared is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
clinical psychologist
cognitive psychologist
sociocultural psychologist
personality psychologist
76
the limbic system plays an important role in
maintaining balance
regulating emotion
processing sensory information
planning for the future
77
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
physical contact between dendrites
hormones jump from one axon to the next
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
78
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
experiment
case study
naturalistic observation
correlation study
79
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
episodic memory
eidetic memory
procedural memory
semantic memory
80
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
social
dispositional
situational
behavioral
81
light enters the eye through an opening in the
retina
iris
fovea
blind spot
82
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
medulla
cerebral cortex
sensory cortex
cerebellum
83
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
double blind study
Hawthorne effect
single blind study
counterbalancing
84
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
traits, the environment, and behavior
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
id, ego, and superego
85
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
outliers
variances
normally distributed
modes
86
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
electro-convulsive shock therapy
gestalt therapy
free association
prefrontal lobotomy
87
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
88
which is an example of an implicit memory
describing the taste of a birthday cake
recognizing a celebrity
remembering how to tie your shoelace
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
89
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
phoneme
morpheme
grapheme
holobase
90
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
environmental factors that influence intelligence
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
nonessential subjects like art and music
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
91
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
cones
cornea
rods
optic nerve
92
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
personality
schizophrenic
anixety
dissociative
93
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
unfulfilled needs
unhealthy attributional styles
learned associations
neurochemical imbalances
94
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
recall
retroactive memory
episodic memory
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
95
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
contralateral control
hemispheric lateralization
effective psychological environment
neuroplasticity
96
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
achieving physiological homeostasis
97
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
absolute threshold
signal detection theory
difference threshold
bottom up processing
98
Paige's psychiatrist diagnoses her with bipolar disorder. Which medication would she prescribe
SSRIs
lithium
L-Dopa
benzodiazepines
99
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
biological theory
social cognitive theroy
psychodynamic theory
trait theory
100
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
linguistic relativity hypothesis
language acquisition device
serial position effect
phonemes and morphemes
101
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
conservation
universal ethical principles
attachment
object permanence
102
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the serial position effect
the reconstructive nature of memory
the rate at which people forget information
the role of the hippocampus in memory
103
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
dissociative identity disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
schizophrenia
antisocial personality disorder
104
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
semantic encoding
state-dependent memory
proactive interference
long-term potentiation
105
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
the law of effect
the overjustification effect
social learning theory
latent learning
106
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
achievement test
aptitude test
IQ test
EQ test
107
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
the importance of physical contact to development
that language is a uniquely human skill
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
that primates can make and use tools
108
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
109
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
prefrontal cortex
medulla oblongata
corpus callosum
hippocampus
110
An EEG of Emily after he has been asleep for about an hour would show primarily
alpha waves
delta waves
sleep spindles
beta waves
111
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
sensory adaptation
sound localization
detecting absolute threshold
hearing high frequencies
112
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
113
which 2 competing theories explain the effects of hypnosis
conscious level and non conscious level
circadian rhythm and paradoxical sleep
manifest content and latent content
role theory and dissociation theory
114
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
long-term memory
sensory memory
procedural memory
short-term memory
115
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
individualism
in-group bias
self-serving bias
compliance strategies
116
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
cognitive-behavioral interventions
biomedical interventions
talking to a patient
secondary preventions
117
Katie sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate lacks object permanence
Kate has a lack of conservation
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
118
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
cognitive psychotherapist
clinical psychologist
psychiatrist
psychoanalyst
119
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
reward : punishment
ignore : adaptation
assimilate : accomodate
reduce : stereotypes
120
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
a mental set
divergent thinking
low experiential intelligence
belief perseverance
121
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
puberty
late 40s
early 20s
mid 30s
122
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
humanistic
biological
evolutionary
psychodynamic
123
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
psychometrics
health psychology
social psychology
positive psychology
124
testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
developmental study
social-cognitive study
cross-sectional study
longitudinal study
125
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
sensory adaptation
difference threshold
absolute threshold
frequency theory
126
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
Carl Rogers
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
William James
127
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
random sampling
representative assignment
random assignment
assignment to conditions
128
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
representativeness heuristic
inattentional blindness
framing effects
confirmation bias
129
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
adrenaline
acetylcholine
serotonin
dopamine
130
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
Babinski
rooting
stepping
Moro
131
What is the purpose of the DSM
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
132
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
133
Why are psychoanalysts interested in talking with patients about dreams
disturbing dreams are obstacles to self actualization
counter conditioned behaviors are often revealed in dreams
symbols in dreams represent unconscious conflicts
neurotransmitter anomalies cause dream disturbances
134
Which is most directly involved in the electrical aspect of neurotransmission
terminal button
neurotransmiters
myelin
synaptic cleft
135
Dana is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. She shows symptoms
Down syndrome
mental retardation
fetal alcohol syndrome
autism spectrum disorder
136
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
unconscious conflicts
parenting styles
genetics and nutrition
secondary drives and needs
137
turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound
amplitude of the wave
frequency of the wave
pitch of the tone
transduction of the wave
138
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
at what age can children reason abstractly
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
139
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
increasing group polarization within different groups
responding to deindividuation among group members
140
Mara slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
instrumental learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
141
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
concrete operational exercises
myelination of brain neurons
early gross motor practice
secure attachment with parents
142
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
have been exposed to good, moral role models
believe in God
be able to take another person's perspective
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
143
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
cognitive
structuralist
behavioral
pharmacological
144
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
external
situational
fundamental
internal
145
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
factor analysis
secondary central dispositions
unconditional positive regard
defense mechanisms
146
Naya is laughing because she just won the lottery. J thinks she is a fun person. J's opinion
is influenced by the self-serving bias
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
147
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
148
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
MRI
EEG
rTMS
PET
149
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
environment
family
culture
temperament
150
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
traumatic childhood experiences
masculine/feminine personality traits
hormones released in the womb
parenting style