Common features of Genome, no matter where they are.

Ability to replicate the genetic info accurately for next generation, Store entire set of info an organism needs for reproduction & development

are unicellular, no membrane bound organelles, Relatively small (less than 10 μm)

The first meiotic division in oogenesis results in which of these products?

one secondary oocyte and one polar body

Of the following ideas postulated by Gregor Mendel, which one requires at least two genes to be demonstrated?

Genes assort independently in diploids

Which of these trait pairs represent alleles?

axial flower position, terminal flower position

Which is true of the two chromosomes of a homologous pair?

They carry genetic info for the same set of hereditary characteristics

what is a product of cell division by mitosis?

two daughter cells with identical chromosomes

Why are clear Mendelian ratios hard to see in a single human pedigree?

Humans typically have a small number of offspring.

Dosage compensation in human cells is achieved by

inactivating one X chromosome of females.

In some bacteria, newly replicated chromosomes separate by

anchoring to opposite sides of the cell membrane.

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BI312 Exam 1

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1
The production of haploid gametes.
genetic variation
fertilization
meiosis
mitosis
2
A cell has eight chromosomes in G₁. How many chromosomes will be present per cell in metaphase II?
8
32
4
16
3
# of DNA molecules per cell during mitosis replication
1n > 2n > 1n
2n> 4n > 2n > 1n
2n > 4n > 2n
2n > 1n > 2n
4
Phenotypes appear in all generations, affected moms & dads pass to sons & daughters alike,
Autosomal Dominant
Sex-Linked Dominant
Sex-Linked Recessive
Autosomal Recessive
5
Common features of Genome, no matter where they are.
Must not be able to mutate
Ability to allow acquired traits to be incorporated into genetic material
Ability to replicate the genetic info accurately for next generation
Store entire set of info an organism needs for reproduction & development
6
One of the three primary divisions of life, consisting of unicellular organisms with prokaryotic cell structure.
archaea
prokaryote
eukaroyte
bacteria
7
Prokaryotic Cells
are unicellular
no membrane bound organelles
Relatively small (less than 10 μm)
are multicellular
8
The process of _____ produces cells with half the number of chromosomes.
cytokinesis
mitosis
meiosis
interkinesis
9
Phenotypic ratio for recessive epistasis
12:3:1
9:3:3:1
3:1
9:3:4
10
males can inherit a gene for a sex-limited trait from their
mother's mother only
mother's father only
mother's or father's parents
father's mother only
11
Low-molecular-weight protein found in eukaryotes that associates closely with DNA to form chromosomes. DNA wraps around
Centromere
Chromatid
Nucleus
Histones
12
Two heterozygous tall pea plants are crossed, what will the phenotypic ratio be?
3:1
1:1
9:3:3:1
1:2:1
13
One of the different forms/variations of a gene that exists at a single locus (ex: R or r)
Chromosome
Genotype
Allele
Phenotype
14
complete set of genetic information for an organism
chromosome
genome
autosome
15
What parental gene pairing would produce a 3:1 ratio phenotypically in offspring?
a/a x A/A
A/a x A/A
A/a x A/a
a/a x A/a
16
Crossing over takes place in which stage?
interphase of mitosis
prophase of mitosis and prophase 1 of meiosis
prophase 1 of meiosis
interphase of meiosis
17
Characteristics encoded by genes at many loci are termed _____.
phenocopies
epigenetic characteristics
pleiotropic characteristics
polygenic characteristics
18
Long DNA molecule visible during mitosis - long genetic element that carries genes essential to cellular function.
Phenotype
Genotype
Chromosome
Allele
19
Mendel developed his theory of inheritance by conducting crosses with which organism?
corn
mice
fruit flies
peas
20
Incomplete _____ occurs when the genotype does not always produce the expected phenotype.
penetrance
pleiotropy
dominance
expressivity
21
Unicellular organism with a relatively simple cell structure. include bacteria (eubacteria) and archaea.
Prokaryote
Archea
Bacteria
Eukaryote
22
A cell has eight chromosomes in G₁ of interphase. How many chromosomes will be found in anaphase of mitosis?
32
8
16
4
23
The term "sex" refers to an organism's sexual _____.
phenotype
genotype
chromosomes
behvaior
24
There are two successive nuclear divisions in meisos.
True
False
25
The appearance or manifestation of a characteristic
Gene
Characteristic/Character
Trait (Phenotype)
Genotype
26
The first meiotic division in oogenesis results in which of these products?
two polar bodies
one ovum and one polar body
one secondary oocyte and one polar body
two ovum
27
The allele combination an organism as (ex: Rr, rr, RR)
Chromosome
Genotype
Phenotype
Gene
28
One of the three primary divisions of life, consisting of prokaryotic unicellular organisms; also called eubacteria.
prokaryote
archaea
bacteria
eukaroyte
29
Of the following ideas postulated by Gregor Mendel, which one requires at least two genes to be demonstrated?
some alleles are recessive and are masked by dominant alleles
one of the two alleles from the parent is transferred randomly
traits are not determined by blending
Genes assort independently in diploids
30
The fusion of haploid gametes.
meiosis
fertilization
mitosis
genetic variation
31
Mutant allele of 1 gene masks expression of alleles of another gene, & expresses its own phenotype
epistasis
incomplete penetrance
expressivity
penetrance
32
A cell has 8chromosomes in G₁ of interphase. How many chromosomes when it is in prophase of mitosis?
32
16
8
4
33
consequences of meiosis.
meiosis
genetic variation
mitosis
ferilization
34
Which of these trait pairs represent alleles?
axial flower position, terminal flower position
yellow seed color, yellow wrinkled seed shape
inflated pod shape, green pod color
round seed shape, short stem length
35
Which is true of the two chromosomes of a homologous pair?
They carry genetic info for the same set of hereditary characteristics
They carry genetic info for completely different sets of characteristics
Both chromosomes come from the same parent
One chromosome carries genetic information, and the other does not.
36
A ___ organism has two sets of chromosomes organized as homologous pairs
Diploid (2n)
Haploid (1n)
37
___ Help regulate the accessibility of DNA to enzymes and other proteins that copy nd read DNA
Chromosomes
Plasmids
Histone Proteins
Nuclear envelope
38
_____ genes suppress the effect of other genes at a different locus.
epistatic
lethal
dominant
hypostatic
39
lethal alleles cause what type of phenotypic ratio
12:3:1
2:1
3:1
9:3:3:1
40
what is a product of cell division by mitosis?
daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes
four daughter cells that are genetically the same
daughter cells that are genetically variable
two daughter cells with identical chromosomes
41
Affects both M & F, disease in progeny of unaffected parents, leads to homozygosity of rare recessive alleles
Autosomal Recessive
Sex-Linked Dominant
Sex-Linked Recessive
Autosomal Dominant
42
When only a single copy of an allele is required to inhibit the expression of an allele at a different locus
duplicate recessive epistasis.
dominant epistasis.
gene interaction.
epistasis
43
genetic principle that each individual possesses 2 alleles coding for a trait & these alleles separate when gametes form
principle of segregation
theory of independent assortment
44
Why are clear Mendelian ratios hard to see in a single human pedigree?
Humans typically have a small number of offspring.
Humans choose who they mate with.
Human genetics are influenced by environmental factors.
The time to reproductive maturity is long.
45
phenotypic ratio for dominant epistasis
3:1
9:3:4
9:3:3:1
12:3:1
46
Dosage compensation in human cells is achieved by
halving the activity of genes on both X chromosomes of females.
inactivating one X chromosome of females.
increasing the activity of genes on the Y chromosome.
doubling the activity of genes on the single X chromosome of males.
47
A DNA and protein structure that carries and transmits genetic information
Chromosome
Genome
Autosome
48
In a pedigree, a square symbol represents a(n)
female
an affected individual
male
a normal individual
49
In some bacteria, newly replicated chromosomes separate by
meiosis
attachment to spindle fibers.
mitosis
anchoring to opposite sides of the cell membrane.
50
__is marked by the arrival of the chromosomes @ the spindle poles&the reformation of nuclear membrane around each set
Anaphase
Metaphase
Telophase
Prophase
51
Meiosis keeps the chromosome number from doubling with each zygote (sexual reproduction)
False
True
52
One of two or more alternative forms of a gene
Locus
Allele
Trait
Gene
53
a trait occurs equally among males & females and is seen in affected offspring who always have at least 1 affected rent
autosomal recessive
X-linked dominant
X-linked recessive
autosomal dominant
54
In biology, the sex (male or female) of an organism is defined in reference to its _____.
Phenotype
The presence or absence of the X chromosomes
Genotype
The presence or absence of the Y chromosome
55
# of DNA molecules per cell during meiosis replication
2n> 4n > 2n > 1n
2n > 4n > 2n
2n > 1n > 2n
1n > 2n > 1n
56
A specific place on a chromosome occupied by an allele
allele
locus
gene
trait
57
What is the order information flows between biological molecules? (Central Dogma)
Protein > RNA > DNA
RNA > DNA > Protein
DNA > Protein > RNA
DNA > RNA > Protein
58
When does the principle of independent assortment, Mendel's second law, occur in mitosis and/or meiosis?
prophase of mitosis
prophase I of meiosis
anaphase I of meiosis
anaphase of mitosis
59
F can be heterozygous carries, M progeny will be affected when coming from an affected F, 50/50 from carrier F
Sex-Linked Recessive
Autosomal Recessive
Autosomal Dominant
Sex-Linked Dominant
60
The % of individuals having a particular genotype that express the expected phenotype
incomplete prentrance
variable expressivity
epistasis
penetrance
61
A rare, _____ trait is more likely to appear in a pedigree when two people who are closely related mate.
recessive
chromosomal
dominant
Y-linked
62
The physical expression of a gene (ex: freckles)
Chromosome
Allele
Genotype
Phenotype
63
Which of these chromosomes below would be described as metacentric?
d
a
c
b
64
Which of these is inherited by a diploid offspring?
Genotype
Phenotype
Parents' genome
Alleles from one parent
65
The degree to which a character is expressed
penetrance
expressivity
incomplete penetrance
epistasis
66
Rule used in conjunction with branch diagrams to predict the ratio of progeny with a particular set of characteristics?
multiplication
addition
division
subtraction
67
What is the major function of cohesion during mitosis?
It attaches the spindle fibers to the centromere regions at prometaphase.
It degrades shugoshin just before anaphase.
It holds homologous chromosomes together.
It holds sister chromatids together.
68
Everyone has the same genotype but not 100% of them express the same degree of phenotype
epistasis
penetrance
expressivity
incomplete penetrance
69
typical mammals have 32 chromosomes (non sex) how many gametes are prodcued?
64
16
32
128
70
Compartment in eukaryotic cells that is enclosed by the nuclear membrane and contains the genetic material.
Virus
Chromatid
Nucleus
Histone
71
In the human ABO blood type system, which of these outcomes is expected to occur?
an O child from a mating of two A individuals
an AB child from an AB father and an O mother
an O child from a matting of an AB individual with an O individual
an AB child from a mating of an A individual and an O individual
72
In sequential _____, each individual animal can be both male and female, but not at the same time.
hermaphroditism
XX–XY sex determination
ZZ–ZW sex determination
genic sex determination
73
A 1:2:1 genotypic ratio in the progeny is produced by which cross?
AA × Aa
Aa × Aa
Aa × aa
AA × aa
74
a chromosome that does not determine sex
autosome
chromosme
genome
75
Generally, prokaryotes have _____, and eukaryotes have _____.
a single linear chromosome; a single circular chromosome
a single circular chromosome; multiple linear chromosomes
multiple circular chromosomes; multiple linear chromosomes
multiple linear chromosomes; a single circular chromosome
76
A chromosomal region that codes for a functional transcript - a functional unit of heredity
Chromosome
Gene
Allele
Genotype
77
collection of genetic material in a cell or organism - complete set of genetic instructions for any organism.
Chromosome
Allele
Genome
Gene
78
Affected M passes to all daughters, affected F passes to 50% of offspring
Sex-Linked Dominant
Autosomal Recessive
Autosomal Dominant
Sex-Linked Recessive
79
What are the structures that group genes together, composed of chromatin (DNA & protein), & visible under microscope?
centrioles
chromosome
centromeres
nucleic acids
80
how do you calculate number of chromosome combinations in a species gametes?
2^n
n^2
81
How does the structure of DNA encode genetic information?
Arrangement of deoxyribose and phosphate molecules
Structure of bases
Length of DNA molecule
Sequence of bases
82
which is NOT a function of mitotic cell division?
asexual reproduction
production of gametes
replacement of cells
growth of multicellular organisms
83
With cytoplasmic inheritance, the phenotype of the progeny is determined by
the expression of a genetic trait in succeeding generations.
cytoplasmic genes, which are usually inherited from only one parent.
the nuclear genotype of the maternal parent.
84
a color-blind woman mates with a man with normal color vision, __will have normal color vision,& ___ will be color blind
all females: all males
all males; all females
half females half males
85
Meiosis takes place in meiocytes to make gametes
True
False
86
A ___ cell has a circular chromosome and histone proteins associated with its DNA, but lacks a nuclear membrane
Eukaryotic
Eubacteria
Archaea
Prokaryotic
87
One of three primary divisions of life; compartmentalized cell structure, membrane-bound organelles. multi/unicellular
eukaryote
bacteria
prokaryote
archaea
88
What is the most inclusive representation of a model organism (model system)?
an organism with similar nervous system to human
an animal that is evolutionary closely related to humans
an animal which antibiotics are easily tested on
an org with a biological system that represents same system in other orgs
89
Eukaryotic cells
Complete copy of DNA stored in multiple chromosomes
are multi and unicellular
sizes range from 10-100 μm
only perform sexual reproduction
90
A ____ allele causes death at an early stage, often before birth & therefore some genotypes do not appear in the progeny
haploid
lethal
recessive
dominant
91
Chromatin is made up of
a plasma membrane
a nuclear envelope
plasmids
histone proteins
92
What happens during metaphase II of meiosis?
sister chromatids separate from each other
sister chromatids are distrubuted in a single layer across center of cell
homologous chromosomes are randomly arranged in the middle of cell
homologous chromosomes separate
93
A condition in which only one copy of a gene or DNA sequence is present in diploid cells is known as
Heterozygous
Hetizygous
Holandric
Homozygous
94
Type of gene interaction in which a gene at one locus masks or suppresses the effects of a gene at a different locus.
gene interaction
crossover
hypostatic gene
Epistasis
95
The interphase phase of the cell cycle consists of which of these phases in order?
G1, G2, G0
G1, G2, G3
G1, G2, M
G1, S, G2
96
what are checkpoints?
transition points that ensure all cellular components are functioning
transition point during DNA replication that allow cells to divide
control points on protein synthesis
periods of growth and development between cell division
97
An inherited factor (region of DNA) that helps determine a characteristic
allele
gene
locus
trait
98
Which genetic phenomenon would make it difficult to determine the mode of inheritance from analysis of a pedigree?
autosomal recessive inheritance, affected children phenotyp norm parent
Incomplete penetrance occurs with some genotypes.
Males with a mitochondrial disorder do not pass it on to their children.
99
how is a true breeding yellow pea plant different from a hybrid yellow pea plant?
they have the same genotype but different phenotype
they have the same phenotype but different genotype
they have different genotypes and phenotypes
they have the same genotype and phenotype

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