What is the first step in implementing evidence based practice? (Moule, 2015)

identify a problem from practice and turn it into a specific question

what is internal validity

the degree to which a study accurately establishes a causal relationship

what is a cohort study?

an observation study following a group of individuals over time

which of the following best describes the aim of Grounded Theory

to develop a theory from data collected

Which of the following is an example of a qualitative research question using the SPIDER tool?

What experiences of young mothers attending antinatal education?

What benefit of EIDM involves enhancing the use of available resources

more effective use of resources

What is a key characteristic of the Multiphase Mixed Methods Research design?

Multiple projects are conducted over time

What is reflexivity in qualitative research?

the acknowledgement of the researchers influence of the study

What skill is essential for nurses in EIDM?

ability to appraise and apply research

What is a limitation of Mixed Methods Research?

It is time-consuming and requires multiple steps

Which of the following questions should you ask when reading a Mixed Methods Research study?

Is the method sequence clearly described and aligned with study aims?

What does a case-control study compare?

patients with a disease and those without it

Which of these is an important component that EIDM misses in comparison to EBP (evidence based practice)

integration of patient desires and clinical expertise

what is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics

descriptive summarises data, inferential makes predictions about population

What is the purpose of debriefing participants at the end of a study?

To provide participants with information about the results and next steps

how can validity, reliability, applicability and generalisability be assessed in research?

by evaluating the research design and methodology

What is meta-analysis?

combining data from multiple primary studies

What is the purpose of maintaining anonymity in research?

To protect the privacy of participants and encourage honest responses

Why is a literature review essential in EIDM?

to identify gaps and determine the problem context

What is the primary goal of critical appraisal in qualitative research

to determine if the study was rigorous and trustworthy

what is the primary focus of qualitative research?

understanding subjective experiences

What type of study is suitable for testing a hypothesis in a controlled environment with random assignment?

randomised controlled trail (RCT)

What is one benefit of the Mixed Methods Research approach called "Triangulation"?

It increases validity by seeking corroborative findings

What is the role of truncation symbols * or ? in a search

they find multiple forms of a word

What does PICO stand for in formulating a research question for quantitative studies?

Population, Intervention, Comparion, Outcome

Rapid Response Research is essential during which types of events?

Pressing political, social, and healthcare crises

What is a key feature of quantitative research?

statistical analysis of numerical data

What is the primary responsibility of the Research Ethics Service in the UK?

To provide an ethics review service and protect research participants

Which of the following is NOT a reason for the need for EIDM

to base treatments solely on personal experience

What does EIDM emphasise besides evidence from research?

sharing evidence, best practices and experiences

According to the NMC Code, healthcare professionals must act in line with the code in which of the following roles?

In all professional roles, including research

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for valid consent in the UK?

The person must be coerced into making a decision

what is a benefit of using RCTs

they control selection bias through random allocation

What is the purpose of Evidence-Informed Decision Making in Healthcare

Using current best evidence to make patient care decisions

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NRS502

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Questions 77

Answers

1
What is the first step in implementing evidence based practice? (Moule, 2015)
search the literature
identify a problem from practice and turn it into a specific question
identify patient needs and preferances
evaluate effects of application
2
In a qualitative research, which approach emphasises the researchers interpretation of participants experiences?
grounded theory
descriptive phenomenology
narrative inquiry
interpretive phenomenology
3
what is internal validity
the generalisability of study findings
the degree to which a study accurately establishes a causal relationship
the reliability of the measurements used
the effectiveness of the treatment tested
4
Which philosophy underpins Mixed Methods Research?
Positivism
Pragmatism
Interpretivism
Constructivism
5
what is a cohort study?
an observation study following a group of individuals over time
a survey with open ended questions
a study involving a single point of data collection
a study comparing patients with a disease to those without
6
which of the following best describes the aim of Grounded Theory
to develop a theory from data collected
to provide a narrative of personal experiences
to test existing theories
to describe and understand individual experiences
7
Which of the following is an example of a qualitative research question using the SPIDER tool?
What experiences of young mothers attending antinatal education?
Does Vitamin B12 supplementation improve cognitive function in older adults
Does compression stockings reduce the risk of DVT on long haul flights?
Does handwashing reduce hospital acquired infections?
8
What benefit of EIDM involves enhancing the use of available resources
more effective use of resources
improved medical billing accuracy
consistent application of historical practices
increased patient satisfaction
9
What is a key characteristic of the Multiphase Mixed Methods Research design?
Multiple projects are conducted over time
Data collection is sequential
It uses only quantitative methods
It focuses solely on interviews
10
In the SPIDER tool, what does 's' stand for?
sample
study
survey
subject
11
What is reflexivity in qualitative research?
the acknowledgement of the researchers influence of the study
the validation of findings through participant review
the use of statistical analysis
the process of collecting data
12
What skill is essential for nurses in EIDM?
ability to appraise and apply research
ignoring theory in decision making
knowing historical practices
ability to follow tradition
13
What principle states that researchers should "do no harm"?
justice
autonomy
non-maleficence
beneficence
14
What is a limitation of Mixed Methods Research?
It is only useful for qualitative data
It is time-consuming and requires multiple steps
It cannot provide valid results
It tends to be less comprehensive than singular methods
15
what does RCT stand for
randomised comparative test
random case test
randomised controlled trail
relative cohort test
16
Which of the following questions should you ask when reading a Mixed Methods Research study?
Does the study question justify the use of quantitative methods?
Is the method sequence clearly described and aligned with study aims?
Is qualitative data more important than quantitative data?
Is the literature review comprehensive?
17
What does a case-control study compare?
responses over different periods of time
different treatments from the same disease
patients with a disease and those without it
survey data from different populations.
18
Which of these is an important component that EIDM misses in comparison to EBP (evidence based practice)
integration of patient desires and clinical expertise
following a strict protocol
only using systematic reviews
relying solely on research evidence
19
what is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics
descriptive predict future outcomes, while inferential summarise data
there is no difference, they are the same
descriptive summarises data, inferential makes predictions about population
descriptive only uses categorical data, inferential uses numerical data
20
What is the purpose of debriefing participants at the end of a study?
To provide participants with information about the results and next steps
To collect more data
To evaluate the researcher's performance
To ensure that participants do not share their experiences
21
critical appraisal is systematically examining the quality of research studies across a variety of designs.
False
True
22
Which qualitative approach focuses on cultural contexts and requires in depth observation?
grounded theory
narrative inquiry
case study
ethnography
23
how can validity, reliability, applicability and generalisability be assessed in research?
by focusing solely on qualitative feedback
through statistical software only
by conducting a literature review
by evaluating the research design and methodology
24
What is meta-analysis?
an individual patient case study
A non-systematic literature review
combining data from multiple primary studies
a qualitative data summary
25
What type of research does the SPIDER tool support
mixed methods research
both qualitative and quantitative research
Quantitative research
qualitative research
26
Which level of qualitative evidence is a single cause study?
level 1
level 3
level 4
level 2
27
Which type of evidence is considered 'promising' in the hierarchy of qualitative data?
expert opinion
systematic review
cohort study
randomised controlled trial
28
What is the purpose of maintaining anonymity in research?
To protect the privacy of participants and encourage honest responses
To allow researchers to identify participants easily
To eliminate the need for consent
To simplify data collection
29
Why is a literature review essential in EIDM?
to identify gaps and determine the problem context
to focus solely on quantitative data
to ignore previous research
to create a new theory
30
what is a common type of bias in survey research
geographic bias
historical bias
measurement bias
structural bias
31
which of the following is a source of bias in RCT's
historical bias
cultural bias
language bias
design bias
32
What is the primary goal of critical appraisal in qualitative research
to quantify findings for statistical analysis
to create generalisable conclusions
to establish a cause-and-effect relationship
to determine if the study was rigorous and trustworthy
33
what is the primary focus of qualitative research?
measuring and quantifying data
testing hypotheses
understanding subjective experiences
establishing cause and effect relationship
34
What type of study is suitable for testing a hypothesis in a controlled environment with random assignment?
cohort study
Quasi experimental study
case control study
randomised controlled trail (RCT)
35
What is one benefit of the Mixed Methods Research approach called "Triangulation"?
It allows for the exploration of only one perspective
It increases validity by seeking corroborative findings
It simplifies the research process
It eliminates bias completely
36
What type of study design compares groups retrospectively to look at the risk of factors
randomised controlled trial
cohort study
case control study
meta-analysis
37
What is the role of truncation symbols * or ? in a search
they filter results by publication year
they allow for the inclusion of synonyms
they exclude specific studies from the search
they find multiple forms of a word
38
What does PICO stand for in formulating a research question for quantitative studies?
Population, Intervention, Control, Observation
Population, Intervention, Comparion, Outcome
Patients, Incidence, Comparison, Observation
Problem, Intervention, Control, Outcome
39
Rapid Response Research is essential during which types of events?
Routine health checks
Laboratory experiments
Pressing political, social, and healthcare crises
Historical research
40
What is a key feature of quantitative research?
statistical analysis of numerical data
subjective measurements
narrative descriptions
small sample sizes
41
What is the primary responsibility of the Research Ethics Service in the UK?
To publish research findings
To train researchers in statistical methods
To conduct research studies
To provide an ethics review service and protect research participants
42
Which of the following is NOT a reason for the need for EIDM
to avoid basing treatment solely on tradition or hearsay
to support the introduction of new treatments
to base treatments solely on personal experience
to address controversy in treatment procedures
43
What does EIDM emphasise besides evidence from research?
following only established procedures
emphasising personal judgement over research
sharing evidence, best practices and experiences
ignoring patient preferences
44
According to the NMC Code, healthcare professionals must act in line with the code in which of the following roles?
Only when working in clinical settings
Only when providing direct care
In all professional roles, including research
Only when teaching
45
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for valid consent in the UK?
The person must not be under duress
The person must be provided with enough information
The person must be coerced into making a decision
The person must have the capacity to consent
46
What is a Boolean operator used to combine search terms to get more results?
AND
OR
NOT
WITH
47
which of the following methodologies is best suited for exploring individual experiences over time
grounded theory
case study
ethnography
phenomenology
48
Which of the following studies is an example of unethical research?
Peer-reviewed studies
Randomized Control Trials
Clinical trials with informed consent
The Tuskegee Experiment
49
what is a benefit of using RCTs
they are less expensive to conduct
they require smaller smaple size
they control selection bias through random allocation
they do not require ethical approval
50
What data collection method is NOT typically used in qualitative research?
Likert Scales
structured interviews
surveys with open ended questions
Focus groups
51
What is the purpose of Evidence-Informed Decision Making in Healthcare
asking others for treatment methods
following routine procedures without change
relying on traditional practices for patient care
Using current best evidence to make patient care decisions
52
In the Exploratory Sequential design, which comes first?
Literature review
Quantitative methods
Statistical analysis
Qualitative method
53
What type of research design follows a QUANTITATIVE method followed by a QUALITATIVE method?
Exploratory sequential
Explanatory sequential
Parallel
Multiphase
54
What does truncation in a database search help achieve?
it helps limit the search date or language
it searches for all forms of a word by replacing its ending with a symbol
it filters out irrelevant search terms
it allows combining multiple search terms
55
what are the two main types of sampling methods
probability and non probability
cross sectional and longitudinal
observational and experimental
quantitative and qualitative
56
what is a confidence interval?
a point estimate of the population parameter
the sample size of the study
a range of values likely containing the true population parameter
the average score of a sample
57
What type of sampling aims to ensure that different perspectives are included until saturation is reached?
random
convenience
purposive
maximum variation
58
what is the purpose of sampling in quantitative research
to ensure random participant selection
to collect qualitative data
to select a representative sample for a larger population
to eliminate bias completely
59
Why is ethics important in research involving human subjects?
To enhance the researcher’s reputation
To reduce the time spent on the study
To protect the rights and wellbeing of participants
To ensure the research is profitable
60
#when an organisation recruits someone they like and know will get on with the team- we can see ourselves in them
gender bias
affinity bias
name bias
ageism
61
What is the definition of ethics in research?
A way of understanding and examining moral life
A guideline for statistical analysis
The study of historical events
A method to analyse quantitative data
62
What is the Cochrane Library known for
a medical encyclopaedia
a journal of nursing studies
a collection of systematice reviews and trials
a site for accessing full-text legal papers
63
What is the primary aim of Mixed Methods Research?
To employ different data collection methods within one study
To exclusively use qualitative methods
To validate only quantitative data
To analyse historical data only
64
what type of data is primarily collected in qualitative research?
experimental data
textual data
numerical data
statistical data
65
What is the right to withdraw in research?
Participants must continue their participation regardless of their feelings
Participants must submit their feedback before withdrawing
Participants can change their answers after submission
Participants can refuse to take part or withdraw their consent at any time
66
Which of the following is a common survey design in quantitative research
open ended surveys
narrative surveys
longitudinal surveys
artistic surveys
67
what does P value indicate
the accuracy of a sample
the duration of a study
the total number of participants in a study
the probability that observed results occurred by chance
68
what is external validity
the extent to which study findings can be generalised to broader population
the consistency of the results across studies
the accuracy of the measurements in the study
the ethical considerations of a research study
69
What research design is typically non-experimental and useful for exploring patients experiences?
cohort study
randomised controlled trial
Quasi-experimental study
qualitative research
70
In quantitative research, which type of study ranks highest in evidence hierarchy?
case report
cohort study
systematic review and meta-analysis
expert opinion
71
what type of bias- we prefer people we perceive as beautiful and people we judge harshly because of their appearance
beauty
gender
affinity
conformity
72
What does the WMA Declaration of Helsinki address?
Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects
Guidelines for statistical analysis
The role of technology in research
Procedures for data entry
73
According to Greene et al. (1989), what is one benefit of the Mixed Methods Research approach?
It restricts the scope of research questions
It relies solely on statistical analysis
It avoids conflicting results
It enables the discovery of new dimensions
74
Which of the following describes a key barrier of EIDM
strong support from the organisation
lack of critical appraisal skills
confidence in interpreting research
unlimited access to research materials
75
What does phenomenon of interest (PI) in the SPIDER tool?
How effective a particilar intervention is
the population being studied
the experiences or behaviours being examined
the evaluation criteria for the study
76
Which of the following is NOT a classic type of Mixed Methods Research design?
Case study
Parallel
Exploratory sequential
Explanatory sequential
77
Which of the following is a main type of quantitative research design?
descriptive studies
focus groups
case studies
qualitative interviews

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