Negative reinforcement involves...

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

how alternatives in a decision problem are presented

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...

you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression

A valid test is one that...

measures what it is supposed to measure

Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...

a variety of environmental factors

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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review

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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 100

Answers

1
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rat
fear reaction
rabbit
loud noise
2
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Cannon's area
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
Sperry's area
3
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
4
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
antagonists
agonists
neurotransmitters
5
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
intelligence
reasoning
insight
6
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
criterion-related
construct
absolute
content
7
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test levels
test scales
test scores
test norms
8
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
9
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
sensory memory
subliminal threshold
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
10
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
classical conditioning
insight learning
operant conditioning
11
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
a false alarm
12
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the brain
the unconscious
behavior
conscious experience
13
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; personality
intelligence; standardized
personality; standardized
standardized; intelligence
14
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction capacity
the relative threshold period
transduction incapacity
the absolute refractory period
15
What is somnambulism?
sleep-talking
sleep-walking
difficulty breathing when asleep
difficulty remaining asleep
16
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
functionalism
behaviorism
neodynamism
psychoanalysis
17
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
location of injury
thalamus
cortex
18
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
midpoint
median
mode
mean
19
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
alcohol
narcotics
sedatives
cannabis
20
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a percentile score
a potential score
mental age
IQ
21
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become aggressive
remain in continuous sleep
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
22
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
questionnaires
psychological tests
direct observation
physiological recordings
23
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Rene Decartes
G. Stanley Hall
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
24
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
hypnosis
sensation
perception
25
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
cultural practices
26
Framing refers to...
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting irrelevant information
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
27
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
28
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
punishment
29
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
mescaline
heroin
marijuana
cocaine
30
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
recognition
reiteration
recall
31
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
surprise
happiness
fear
32
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
brightness
color
saturation
light purity
33
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
after autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
34
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the control group
the experimental group
the correlational group
the observational group
35
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
is reliable
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
36
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
reinforcement
37
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
chunk
script
semantic network
schema
38
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological stability
psychological stability
psychological instability
physiological instability
39
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
accuracy of inference
consistency
representativeness
predictability
40
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
extinction
unconditioning
41
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
musical
spatial
logical-mathemathical
42
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
delta
beta
alpha
gamma
43
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
short-term
long-term
sensory
44
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
means
percentiles
45
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
pitch
decibels
loudness
46
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
light
salivation
tone
food/meat powder
47
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
phonemic
mnemonic
morphemic
platonic
48
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
evolutionary theory
instinct theory
incentive theory
49
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
a variety of environmental factors
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
group differences in basic intelligence
50
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
tumor ligation
ESB
lesioning
51
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
serotonin
acetylcholine
dopamine
52
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
53
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
cochlea
oval window
temporal lobe
54
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
give cookie
cookie
i wanted a cookie
55
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
limbic system
56
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
57
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
58
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
seeing a flash of light
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
hearing a sound
59
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
syntax
linguistic heuristics
morphemes
60
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
semantic slanting
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
overextension
61
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
62
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
stimulus discrimination
shaping
selection
step-wise conditioning
63
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
an unconditioned response
positive reinforcement
escape learning
avoidance learning
64
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
pituitary
thyroid
gonads
65
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
66
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
67
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
an amphetamine
a hallucinogen
a narcotic
a sedative
68
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
total loss of personal control
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
resistance to pain
69
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
wish fulfillment theory
activation-synthesis theory
70
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 1
stage 4
REM
stage 2
71
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
72
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
memory
73
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
74
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
parental investments
social scripts
investment differentiations
75
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
the semantic level of encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
76
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
an achievement test
a personality test
77
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
thalamus
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
78
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
sensation
perception
attention
79
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
80
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
positron emission tomography
computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
electrographic tomography
81
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not really been asleep
not been dreaming
a headache
been dreaming
82
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
medulla
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
83
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a forensic psychologist
84
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
encoded
retrieved
modeled
85
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
sing a song
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
print letters
86
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
brainstem
reticular formation
cerebellum
limbic system
87
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
88
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
89
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
intelligence
mentalism
cognition
90
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
classical conditioning
positive reinforcement
observational learning
superstitious behavior
91
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
closure
constancy
symmetry
92
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
iris
lens
cornea
vitreous humor
93
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
partial storage
partial retrieval
94
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
95
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
unrealistic demands from family/friends
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
96
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold information for a lifetime
put information into long-term memory
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
97
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
content validity
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
98
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
tree-bird
boat-goat
car-nose
fill-feed
99
A perceptual set implies that...
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
100
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
olfactory cilia
smell buds
sciatic receptors
gustatory bulbs

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