What does a confidence interval represent?

The range where the population mean is likely to fall

What does statistical significance indicate?

That the observed results are unlikely due to chance

The probability of obtaining results under the null hypothesis

What is the main benefit of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?

It minimizes bias and allows causal claims

What is the main purpose of an observational study?

To observe and describe behavior without intervention

What does statistical power measure?

The ability to detect an effect if one exists

Which of the following is an example of a Type I error?

Incorrectly rejecting a true null hypothesis

What is the primary goal of hypothesis testing?

To determine if sample data supports a hypothesis

What is a key property of a normal distribution?

The mean, median, and mode are the same

What does standard error measure?

The standard deviation of sample means

Which of the following best defines the p-value?

probability of obtaining results at least as extreme under null hypothesis

What does the law of large numbers state?

Larger samples are more likely to match the population

What is an independent variable in an experiment?

The variable that is manipulated

What is the definition of a sampling error?

The difference between a sample statistic and the true population parameter

What does an alternative hypothesis propose?

There is a relationship or effect

What does the mode represent in a data set?

The most frequently occurring number

What is an example of a research question investigating causality?

How does stress impact memory performance?

What is the purpose of inferential statistics?

To make predictions about a population

Which statement is true about a normal distribution?

The mean, median, and mode are equal.

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PSY 3000 - MIDTERM

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Questions 35

Answers

1
Which measurement scale is appropriate for categorizing race?
Ratio
Ordinal
Nominal
Interval
2
What does a confidence interval represent?
The range where the population mean is likely to fall
The probability that an event occurs
The exact population parameter
The standard deviation of a dataset
3
What does statistical significance indicate?
That the null hypothesis is definitely false
That the observed results are unlikely due to chance
That the study is free of bias
That the results are important
4
What is a p-value?
The correlation coefficient
A measure of effect size
The standard deviation of a data set
The probability of obtaining results under the null hypothesis
5
What is the main benefit of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?
It requires smaller samples
It minimizes bias and allows causal claims
It proves causation
It eliminates sampling error
6
What type of error occurs when a study finds no effect, but in reality, an effect exists?
Type I Error
Standard Error
Type II Error
Sampling Bias
7
What is a dependent variable in an experiment?
The variable that is held constant
The variable that is randomly assigned
The variable that is manipulated
The variable that is measured
8
What is the main purpose of an observational study?
To observe and describe behavior without intervention
To manipulate variables
To establish causality
To test an experimental hypothesis
9
What does statistical power measure?
The ability to detect an effect if one exists
The significance level of an experiment
The size of a sample
The accuracy of a hypothesis
10
Which of the following is an example of a Type I error?
Drawing a biased conclusion
Using an incorrect statistical test
Incorrectly rejecting a true null hypothesis
Failing to detect an actual effect
11
What is the primary goal of hypothesis testing?
To prove a theory is true
To eliminate variability
To generate new variables
To determine if sample data supports a hypothesis
12
What is a key property of a normal distribution?
It has multiple peaks
It is always positively skewed
The standard deviation is always large
The mean, median, and mode are the same
13
Which of the following is the strongest correlation?
-0.75
-0.16
+0.02
+0.73
14
What does standard error measure?
The central tendency of a sample
The standard deviation of sample means
The spread of individual scores
The accuracy of a sample mean
15
What type of data is collected when gathering information from an entire population?
Population Data
Continuous Data
Sample Data
Longitudinal Data
16
Which of the following best defines the p-value?
The standard deviation of the sample
The probability of making an error in a study
probability of obtaining results at least as extreme under null hypothesis
The measure of correlation strength
17
What does the law of large numbers state?
Smaller samples yield more accurate estimates
Larger samples introduce more bias
Sample means always equal population means
Larger samples are more likely to match the population
18
Which type of sampling is most useful for hard-to-reach populations?
Stratified Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Random Sampling
19
Which sampling method gives every individual an equal chance of being selected?
Simple Random Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Convenience Sampling
20
If a study measures weight in kilograms, what type of measurement scale is being used?
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Nominal
21
What is an independent variable in an experiment?
The variable that is manipulated
The variable that is measured
The variable that is held constant
The variable that is randomly assigned
22
In a negative correlation, when variable X increases, variable Y will...
Vary unpredictably
Increase
Stay the same
Decrease
23
What is the definition of a sampling error?
A mistake in data collection
A problem in inferential statistics
The difference between a sample statistic and the true population parameter
A biased sample
24
What type of variable describes the number of chairs in a room?
Dichotomous Variable
Continuous Variable
Nominal Variable
Discrete Variable
25
What does effect size measure?
The p-value significance
The probability of Type I error
The standard error
The strength of a relationship
26
What does an alternative hypothesis propose?
The data must be incorrect
There is a relationship or effect
Statistical tests are invalid
There is no effect
27
What does the mode represent in a data set?
The middle value
The most frequently occurring number
The average of all values
The range of the data
28
Which sampling method ensures equal representation across different groups?
Stratified Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Random Sampling
29
What is the purpose of descriptive statistics?
To summarize and organize data
To compare statistical models
To infer information about a population
To validate experimental hypotheses
30
What does standard deviation measure?
Size
Central tendency
Variation
Accuracy
31
What is an example of a research question investigating causality?
How does stress impact memory performance?
What is the most common sleep disorder?
What are the characteristics of individuals with ADHD?
Is there a correlation between caffeine and sleep quality?
32
What is the purpose of inferential statistics?
To ensure statistical significance
To categorize variables
To make predictions about a population
To summarize data
33
Which statement is true about a normal distribution?
All values are equally likely.
It has no standard deviation.
It always has a positive skew.
The mean, median, and mode are equal.
34
What is the standard deviation of a standardized Z-score distribution?
0
1
Cannot be determined
Varies by dataset
35
What happens in a Type II error?
The effect is detected when it does not exist
A real effect is not detected
The sample size is too large
The p-value is greater than 0.05

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