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Chapter 14 Review
Chapter 14 Review
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CE Psychology 1010 Ch. 14 Review: key terms and bonus (Pages 571-607)
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1
Define fixation
moving to a stage of resolved conflicts
staying on a stage of unresolved conflicts
a lingering of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage
a lingering of pleasure-seeking energies at a later psychosexual stage
2
Define social-cognitive perspective
explores emotional and behavioral responses to society and politics
our enduring characteristics, influenced by society
it's better to focus on the ways healthy people feel in society
views behavior as interaction between traits and people's social context
3
Define false consensus effect
tendency to underestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs
tendency to overestimate the extent to which others don't share our beliefs
tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our appearance
tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs
4
Define trait
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, answering, "Who am I?"
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act
assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
5
Who demonstrated that projective tests can be "psychological X-ray[s]?"
Carl Jung
Sigmund Freud
Alfred Adler
Henry Murray
6
Define psychoanalysis
view personality with a focus on the unconscious and childhood experiences
attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between thinking and acting
7
What does the trait (personality theory) assume?
we have certain stacked and enduring characteristics, influenced by genes
our traits and the social context interact to produce our behaviors
the unconscious and conscious minds interact
it's better to focus on the ways healthy people strive for self-realization
8
Define id
strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy
operates on the reality principle
operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
9
Define self-efficacy
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
one's feelings of high or low self-worth
one's sense of competence and effectiveness
the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
10
Define gender identity
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
our biological sex
our sense of being male, female, or a combination of the two
our sense of thinking, feeling, and acting
11
Define psychodynamic theories
attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
view personality with a focus on the unconscious and childhood experiences
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between motives and feeling
12
Define neo-Freudians
followers of Freud who developed their own competing psychodynamic theories
followers of Freud who developed competing psychoanalysis theories
Freud's assistants
followers of Freud who developed competing psychodynalysis theories
13
Define person-situation controversy
question whether behavior is more from personality or situational factors
question whether behavior is more from biological or situational factors
question whether personality is more from biological or behavioral factors
question whether personality is more from biological or situational factors
14
Define defensive self-esteem
less contingent on external evaluations
more likely to achieve a greater quality of life
makes failure feel threatening, feeding anger and feelings of vulnerability
focuses on sustaining itself
15
Who of the following is not a neo-Freudian?
Karen Horney
Alfred Adler
Erik Adler
Carl Jung
16
Define Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests
originally developed to assess people's personality traits
developed to identify emotional disorders; now used for screening purposes
taken for counseling, leadership training, and work-team development
17
Define repression
disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, memories
switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
18
Define Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
10 inkblots that identify feelings by analyzing people's interpretations
a test of a pool of traits and then selecting those that discriminate
people express their feelings through the stories they make up about scenes
a test of a pool of feelings and then selecting those that discriminate
19
Define self-serving bias
excessive self-love and self-absorption
one's sense of competence and effectiveness
one's feelings of high or low self-worth
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
20
Which psychologist reports that "Generation Me" expresses more narcissism?
Roy Baumeister
Brad Bushman
Jean Twenge
Daniel Kahneman
21
Define anal stage
(0-18 months) pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing
coping with demands for control
(18-36 months) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination
(3-6 years) pleasure zone is the genitals
22
Define latent content
the remembered content of unconsciousness
dreamer's conscious wishes
dreamer's unconscious wishes
the remembered content of dreams
23
Define free association
exploring inner feelings in which the person expresses interests of scenes
exploring inner feelings in which the person makes up stories
exploring the unconscious in which the person says whatever comes to mind
exploring the unconscious in which the person interprets ambiguous scenes
24
Define collective unconscious
shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
Alfred Adler's reservoir of memory and unconscious
Carl Jung's reservoir of memory and unconscious
a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
25
Define personality
reservoir of memory
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
internalized ideals
a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
26
Define unconscious
the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
the center of personality
a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
information processing of which we are unaware
27
Define pleasure principle
tendency of the id to seek for immediate gratification
tendency of the ego to seek for immediate gratification
seeks to gratify the id in realistic ways that bring long-term pleasure
seeks to gratify the ego in realistic ways that bring long-term pleasure
28
Define terror-management theory
explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of death
a theory of death-related anxiety
explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of life
a theory of life-related anxiety
29
Who proposed psychoanalytic theory?
Alfred Adler
Carl Jung
Sigmund Freud
Karen Horney
30
Define self-actualization
arises after basic physical and physiological needs are met
arises after basic physical needs are met and self-esteem is achieved
the motivation to fulfill one's potential
meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self
31
Who was one of the MMPI's creators?
Starke Hathaway
Isabel Briggs Meyers
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
32
Define spotlight effect
"Everyone's looking at me!"
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
overestimating others' noticing our appearance, performance, and blunders
meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self
33
Who demonstrated the spotlight effect?
Thomas Gilovich
Gordon Allport
Hazel Markus
Neil Weinstein
34
Define personality inventory
used to assess selected personality traits
a test of item groups and then selecting those that discriminate feelings
a questionnaire to gauge a wide range of feelings
a test developed by testing a pool of items
35
Define manifest content
the underlying meaning of dreams
dreamer's conscious wishes
dreamer's unconscious wishes
the remembered content of dreams
36
Define ego
operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
operates on the reality principle
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality
mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
37
What does the psychoanalytic (personality theory) assume?
the unconscious and conscious minds interact
emotional disorders spring from unconscious dynamics and fixation at stages
we have certain stacked and enduring characteristics, influenced by genes
childhood experiences and defense mechanisms are important
38
How do you "turn down the brightness" of the spotlight effect?
take the audience's perspective
work on getting a larger frontal lobe area
use more personal pronouns
know about the spotlight effect
39
Define humanistic theories
our enduring characteristics, influenced by genetic predispositions
view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
our traits and the social context interact to produce our behaviors
people are more critical of their past selves than of their current selves
40
Define projective test
a test of a pool of feelings and then selecting those that discriminate
a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli
a test of a pool of traits and then selecting those that discriminate
designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
41
Define secure self-esteem
more likely to achieve a greater quality of life
focuses on sustaining itself
makes failure feel threatening, feeding anger and feelings of vulnerability
less contingent on external evaluations
42
Define oral stage
(18-36 months) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination
coping with demands for control
(0-18 months) pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing
(3-6 years) pleasure zone is the genitals
43
Who proposed the social-cognitive perspective on personality?
Hazel Markus
Neil Weinstein
Albert Bandura
Gordon Allport
44
Define social-cognitive theories
explore the interaction between people's traits and their social context
explore the interaction between people's cognition and social experiences
explore the interaction between cognitive society and social workers
explore the interaction between society and behavior
45
Define behaviorism
trusting and acting on one's feelings and being true and fulfilling oneself
how our environment controls us
experience can leave these
a desire for significant accomplishment
46
Define floccinaucinihilipilification
experience can leave these
the act of estimating something as worthless
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy
the act of estimating something as worthwhile
47
Which two humanistic psychologists offered a third-force perspective?
Allport and Rogers
Eysenck and Allport
Maslow and Rogers
Maslow and Eysenck
48
Define narcissism
one's sense of competence and effectiveness
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
one's feelings of high or low self-worth
excessive self-love and self-absorption
49
Define Electra complex
a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and rivalry with the father
a girl's sexual desires toward her mother and rivalry with the father
a boy's sexual desires toward his father and rivalry with the mother
counterpart (parallel) to the Oedipus complex for girls (females)
50
Define empirically derived test
developed by testing items and then selecting those that discriminate
a personality test that provides stimuli designed to project inner dynamics
developed to identify emotional disorders; now used for screening purposes
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests
51
Define genital stage
(puberty on) maturation of sexual interests
coping with incestuous sexual feelings
(3-6 years) pleasure zone is the genitals
(6 to puberty) a phase of dormant sexual feelings
52
Who experimented with the "dark side of high self-esteem" where 540 undergraduate volunteers wrote brief essays?
Bushman and Baumeister
Twenge and Bushman
Baumeister and Kahneman
Kahneman and Twenge
53
Define reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
it's better to focus on the ways healthy people strive for self-realization
the unconscious and conscious minds interact
views behavior as interaction between traits and people's social context
54
Define self-transcendence
meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self
the motivation to fulfill one's potential
arises after basic physical needs are met and self-esteem is achieved
arises after basic physical and physiological needs are met
55
Which of the following is not one of the "Big Five" simple trait factors?
openness
introversion
neuroticism
conscientiousness
56
Who won the 2002 Nobel Prize in Economics for his studies of our faulty decision making?
Daniel Kahneman
Alfred Adler
Henry Murray
Carl Jung
57
Define psychosexual stages
childhood stages during which the ego focuses on distinct erogenous zones
stages during which the superego focuses on distinct erogenous zones
childhood stages during which the id focuses on distinct erogenous zones
stages during which the superid focuses on distinct erogenous zones
58
Define regression
moving to a less infantile psychosexual stage of some fixation
banishes from unconsciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, memories
banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, memories
retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage of some fixation
59
Define archetypes
a common reservoir of images
uninherited reservoir of memory traces
anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
inner feelings and interests
60
Define factor analysis
used to identify clusters of test items that tap components of intelligence
a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge clusters
a test developed by testing a pool of items
a personality test that is designed to trigger projection of inner dynamics
61
Define reality principle
seeks to gratify the id in realistic ways that bring long-term pleasure
tendency of the ego to seek for immediate gratification
seeks to gratify the ego in realistic ways that bring long-term pleasure
tendency of the id to seek for immediate gratification
62
Which of the following is not one of the 3 interacting systems of the mind's dynamics that were proposed by Freud?
id
superego
ego
superid
63
Define self-concept
one's sense of competence and effectiveness
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, answering, "Who am I?"
the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
one's feelings of high or low self-worth
64
Define identification
children incorporate their parents' values into their developing egos
parents incorporate their children's values into their developing superegos
children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superids
65
Which two of Freud's defense mechanisms does research support?
denial and regression
reaction formation and projection
rationalization and displacement
displacement and denial
66
Define self
assumed to be the center of personality
one's feelings of high or low self-worth
one's sense of competence and effectiveness
the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
67
Who proposed that we are motivated by a hierarchy of needs?
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslov
Abraham Lincoln
68
Define displacement
self-justifying reasons instead of the more threatening unconscious reasons
disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable thing
switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
69
Define denial
refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
self-justifying reasons instead of the more threatening unconscious reasons
switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
70
Define gene-environment interaction
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
our genetic traits evoke certain responses which may nudge us another way
emotional and behavioral responses
tell your genes to switch on or off
71
Define third-force perspective
emphasized human potential
Rogers' perspective that people are basically good and can self-actualize
meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self
whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors
72
Who views the person-environment interaction as reciprocal determinism?
Neil Weinstein
Gordon Allport
Albert Bandura
Hazel Markus
73
Define person-centered perspective
emphasized human potential
meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self
Rogers' perspective that people are basically good and can self-actualize
whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors
74
What does the humanistic (personality theory) assume?
it's better to focus on the ways healthy people strive for self-realization
it's better to examine the struggles of sick people
the unconscious and conscious minds interact
childhood experiences and defense mechanisms are important
75
Who noticed that our traits lurk on music preferences, personal spaces, online spaces, and in written communications?
Paul Costa
Robert McCrae
Samuel Gosling
Matthias Mehl
76
Who confirmed that extraverts really do talk more?
Matthias Mehl
Starke Hathaway
Isabel Briggs Meyers
Hans Eysenck
77
Define epigenetic marks
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
emotional and behavioral responses
the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
tell your genes to switch on or off
78
Who proposed humanistic theories?
Carl Jung
Abraham Maslow
Sigmund Freud
Carl Rogers
79
Define self-esteem
one's feelings of high or low self-worth
the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
one's sense of competence and effectiveness
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
80
Define latency stage
(3-6 years) pleasure zone is the genitals
coping with incestuous sexual feelings
(6 to puberty) a phase of dormant sexual feelings
(18-36 months) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination
81
In this self-esteem experiment, how did those with inflated high self-esteem compare to those with normal self-esteem?
they delivered three times the auditory torture
they delivered two times the auditory torture
they delivered four times the auditory torture
they delivered the same amount of auditory torture
82
Define projection
self-justifying reasons instead of the more threatening unconscious reasons
switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable thing
disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
83
Define phallic stage
(18-36 months) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination
coping with incestuous sexual feelings
(3-6 years) pleasure zone is the genitals
coping with demands for control
84
Define Oedipus complex
a boy's sexual desires toward his father and rivalry with the mother
a girl's sexual desires toward her father and rivalry with the mother
a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and rivalry with the father
a girl's sexual desires toward her mother and rivalry with the father
85
Define Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
developed to identify emotional disorders; now used for screening purposes
originally developed to assess people's personality traits
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests
taken for counseling, leadership training, and work-team development
86
Define reaction formation
disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable thing
switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
self-justifying reasons instead of the more threatening unconscious reasons
87
Define superego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality
represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment
represents external ideals and provides standards for others to judge
operates on the reality principle and pleasure principle
88
Which of the following is not a condition Rogers believed that a growth-promoting climate required?
agreeableness
genuineness
empathy
acceptance
89
Define individualism
caring only for individuals
trusting and acting on other's feelings and being true to others
caring as an individual
trusting and acting on one's feelings and being true and fulfilling oneself
90
Define defense mechanisms
the superid reduces anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
the superego reduces anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
the id reduces anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
the ego reduces anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
91
Who put forth the concept of possible selves (including the ones you dream of and fear of)?
Gordon Allport
Thomas Gilovich
Hazel Markus
Albert Bandura
92
Define Rorschach inkblot test
10 inkblots that identify feelings by analyzing people's interpretations
people express their feelings through the stories they make up about scenes
a test of a pool of traits and then selecting those that discriminate
a test of a pool of feelings and then selecting those that discriminate
93
Who proposed the inferiority complex?
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney
Sigmund Freud
94
Who proposed trait theories?
Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck
Robert McCrae
Paul Costa
Gordon Allport
95
Who proposed social-cognitive theory?
Alfred Bandura
Martin Seligman
Martin Markus
Albert Bandura
96
Define unconditional positive regard
according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
according to Rogers, an attitude of total happiness
according to Maslow, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
according to Maslow, an attitude of total happiness
97
Who proposed psychodynamic theories?
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney
Sigmund Freud
98
What does the social-cognitive (personality theory) assume?
our traits and the social context interact to produce our behaviors
it's better to focus on the ways healthy people strive for self-realization
the unconscious and conscious minds interact
it's better to examine the struggles of sick people
99
What does the psychodynamic (personality theory) assume?
we have certain stacked and enduring characteristics, influenced by genes
the unconscious and conscious minds interact
it's better to examine the struggles of sick people
childhood experiences and defense mechanisms are important
100
Define rationalization
shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable thing
disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
self-justifying reasons instead of the more threatening unconscious reasons
