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The MENA, PvP, Electoral Systems and Political Parties topic for the ICD module at UoR
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Questions
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Answers
1
What else may determine the number of effective parties?
Electoral rules
Party system Institutionalisation
Centralisation of the State
Interaction between executive & legislative elections
2
How can the head of the executive be removed?
Impeachment by a court
Censure by a parliament
Assassination
Removed by a political party
3
What nation is an example of a presidential system?
USA
Brazil
UK
Saudi Arabia
4
What is The Strategic Actor Model, as proposed by Downs in 1957?
Parties are formed by like-minded politicians
Parties pursue office and will compromise policy promises
Parties are elite organisations
Parties appeal to ‘pivotal voters’
5
What did Huntington say?
Huffington Post
Conflict not likely on border between Western and Islamic
Conflict likely on border between Western and Islamic
We mus depoort MOSLEM IMMigrunts
6
What reasons did he give for this?
Big parties win more seats than vote shares
Small parties win less seats than their vote-shares
Boris
Strategic voting if most preferred party isn't going to win
7
What system is designed on 'winner-takes-all'?
Parliamentary
Presidential
8
Which types of electoral systems are majoritarian?
Two-Round System (TRS)
Alternative Vote (AV)
MMP
Single-Member Plurality (SMP) (“first-past-the-post”)
9
Do Arab countries support or defy economic modernisation theory?
Defy
Support
10
What might a clash of civilisations look like?
Negative public attitudes towards democracy
Helicopter
Total, nuclear, war
Negative public attitudes towards the West
11
What are some pros of presidential systems?
Strong parliament
More deliberative decision-making
That it's from 'Merica
Directly accountable executive with checks and balances
12
From 2014 Polity IV scores, which top 30 oil producer from MENA had the best score?
Israel
Iraq
Algeria
Egypt
13
What happened in Egypt's revolution?
Sisi civilian president. Instability + authoritarianism
The Pharaohs all came back
2012 election - Morsi. Authoritarian, so army coup follows
Protests began in Jan 2011. President Mubarak resigns
14
Which MENA country had the highest Polity IV score for 2010?
Turkey
Iran
Israel
Saudi Arabia
15
Which Arabic country has the lowest GDP per capita?
Yemen
Libya
Somalia
Turkey
16
Why might parties be bad for democracy?
Parties try to promote only one ‘part’ of a ‘general will’
Whips blackmail, intimidate, harass + aggression (Dixon)
Parties lead to polarization and political instability
Parties prevent representing constituents’ interests
17
What are 3 main ways which political scientists have tried measure where parties are located?
Expert surveys (e.g. Laver & Benoit)
Analysis of parliamentary votes (e.g. Poole & Rosenthal)
Compare to Great Leader Comrade Corbyn and file that way
Coding party manifestos (eg Comparative Manifestos Project)
18
Trade Off 2 is between...
David and Victoria Beckham
Pens and pencils
Donuts and walnuts
Cohesive Parties vs. Accountable Politicians.
19
What nation is an example of a parliamentary system?
UK
South Africa
Mexico
Germany
20
Which system leads to cohesive parties?
STV
Closed-List PR
21
How is policy made and accepted/rejected in a parliamentary system?
James Bond
Parliament proposes, government accepts/rejects
Government proposes, parliament accepts/rejects
The Monarch
22
Under Representative Parliaments vs. Accountable Governments, what would a Prop. system do?
Soft, comfy seats
Parliament is a “microcosm” of society
Maximise representation
Vote-shares map “fairly” into seat-shares
23
Where is MMP used in the UK?
Scottish Parliament
London Assembly
Welsh Assembly
English Parliament
24
Compared to 2010 scores, which MENA countries improved their 2014 score by the biggest margins?
Tunisia
Yemen
Turkey
Somalia
25
What happens in AV?
Noonewins 50% votes loser elim+2 pref distri someonegets 50%
1 MP elected in each constituency
Each party presents 1 candidate in each constituency
Citizens rank the candidates (1,2,3,4,5 etc.)
26
According to the Arab Values Survey Poll from 2002 MENA countries prefer which western country?
USA
Germany
France
UK
27
What are the two main powers of the government?
Leadership eg foreign policy, budget, legislative proposals
To control
Management (i.e. implementation of policy)
To steal from us via taxation
28
How does party cohesion happen in presidential systems?
Just doesn't
No possibility of promotion
Presidents in government cannot enforce party cohesion
President cannotdissolve parliament/ask for votenoconfidence
29
What are the symptoms of Huntington's theory?
People in civilisation define themselves against the other
Democracy + Islam seem incompatible even if no conflict
Muslim anti-democrats portray democracy as hostile
Ice cream
30
What is Levitsky and Way's 'Linkage and Leverage' theory?
Position of softpower as leverage- steer nations democratic
Levers need to be used
Provides linkages to key liberal and democratic norms
Powerful democratic countries in proximitypromotes democracy
31
Who thought of the 'True Clash of Civilisations' theory?
Huntington
Stayford
Inglehart and Norris
Cohen
32
Which MENA country believes the strongest that civil rights are essential in a democracy?
Syria
Western Sahara
Saudi Arabia
Tunisia
33
Which MENA countries are the top two for believing the army should take over in a democracy?
Morocco
Bahrain
Libya
Yemen
34
How does party cohesion work in parliamentary systems?
Party leaders can prevent MPs from standing at next election
Carrots and Sticks
Parties in government can enforce party cohesion
Fear. Sweat and fear.
35
What are some pros of a parliamentary system?
Cohesive parties
One election
Jeremy Corbyn
Powerful executive
36
Where is Closed-List PR used in the UK?
European Parliament in Northern Ireland
European Parliament in England
European Parliament in Scotland
European Parliament in Wales
37
What about small and niche parties? (Ezrow et al, 2011)
Stronger commitment to policy/supporters than big three
Perform best under PR elections
They don't really have any influence at all
Don’t respond to the same incentives
38
What are some economic reasons for the 'resource curse'?
No economic history
Little need for enterprise and innovation
Dutch disease
Corruption
39
Why might revolutions be caused by a collapse in state power?
The rulers rapidly lost power in Tunisia and Egypt
State cannot support education programmes
A/C starts to fail
They were eventually pushed out in Libya and Yemen too
40
What happened in Tunisia's Jasmin Revolution?
Complete and utter collapse
Bouazizi sets self on fire Dec 2010- demonstrations follow
Elections held successfully in 2011 and 2014
President resigns. New gov includes old guard and reshuffled
41
What happens in the proportional Open List PR electoral system?
The list of candidates is never ending
Seats given to candidatesin parties via no. personal votes
Citizens vote either for a partyor an individual candidate
Seats allocated 2 partiesin proportion 2 constituency votes
42
Which MENA country had the lowest Polity IV score for 2010?
Israel
Somalia
Bahrain
Qatar
43
What are some political reasons for the 'resource curse'?
Buy concessions/deliver services without imposing tax
Social unrest
Spend on suppression
Not reliant on tax base
44
What are the trade-offs of electoral systems?
Parliamentary Representation vs. Government Accountability
Burgers vs fries
Cohesive Parties vs. Accountable Politicians
Nuggets vs salad
45
Why might revolutions not be caused by a collapse in state power?
Colonel Qaddafi was removed only with external help
Divine intervention
President Assad has clung to power with outside support
Other rulers able to retain power by offering concessions
46
Which countries could be considered part of MENA, but are not Arabic?
Israel
Iraq
Turkey
Iran
47
Where is the Alternative Vote used in the UK?
London Mayor
EU Referendum
West Malling parish council
Birmingham Mayor
48
Which MENA country thinks the most that having a democratic system is very or fairly good?
Egypt
Tunisia
Bahrain
Libya
49
Why do stable democracies tend to have parliamentary systems, according to Linz?
Due to the designs of presidential and parliamentary systems
Presidents ate all of Europe's cheese
Because they are superior
Pres regimes > likely breakdown+worse choice new democracies
50
What is The Cleavage Model, as proposed by Lipset and Rokkan in 1967?
Parties appeal to and represent particular social groups
Parties pursue policy- will not compromise policy promises
Parties are formed and sustained by social ‘cleavages’
Parties are mass-based organisations
51
In semi-presidential system, what happens if President and parliament are same political party?
System works as a presidential system
System works as communist
System works as a parliamentary system
System works as National Democratic Socialist
52
In the Spacial Model, when are no institutions, what should parties do, according to Black?
Join together
Join UKIP, leave the EU and take back control.
Drop dead
Policies converge on ‘median voter’
53
What happens in the proportional STV electoral system?
Several MPs elected in constituency-parties present several
Redistributed 2nd pref votes. Surpluses also redistributed.
Same as Alternative Vote, but in a multi-member constituency
Citizens rank the candidates -when reached quota, is elected
54
How does the Presidential model ('separation of powers') work?
President and Cabinet cannot be removed by Congress
President and Cabinet cannot dissolve Congress
Dictator Donald
President appoints Cabinet (individual approval by Congress)
55
From 2014 Polity IV scores, which top 30 oil producer from MENA had the worst score?
UAE
Qatar
Bahrain
Saudi Arabia
56
What is the government also known as?
The legislative
The doggo
The executive
The judicial
57
What happened in the Yemeni revolution?
Elections 2012 - VP only candidate. In 2015 gov overthrown
Protests Jan 2011- Saleh flees. Returns in Sep - power to VP
North and South Yemen split again
Poo flew
58
What systems have an independently elected president?
Parliamentary republic
Parliamentary monarchy
Presidential systems
Semi-Presidential system
59
Why might parties be good for democracy?
Parties create stability, by reducing complexity of issues
Parties allow for mass involvement & enable competition
Parties reduce ‘information costs’ for candidates and voters
They promote coordination + prevent pursuit of private goals
60
Who came up with definitions for political parties?
Stan Cohen
Great Western Rail
Anthony Downs
Edmund Burke
61
How many votes per seat did the SNP get in 2015?
28,657
63,933
23,107
25,972
62
Which type of electoral systems are proportional?
Open-List PR (OLPR)
Alternative Vote (AV)
Closed-List PR (CLPR)
Single-Transferable-Vote (STV)
63
Who thought of the 1990 Perils of Presidentialism theory?
Ronald Reagan
Stan Cohen
Adolf Hitler
Juan Linz
64
Where is STV used in the UK?
Northern Ireland Assembly
Local Councils in Scotland and NI
European Parliament in N.Ireland
Scottish Television
65
What did French political scientist, Maurice Duverger (1954), suggest?
Donuts are great
Majoritarian systems -> two-party systems
Everyone should have kittens
Proportional systems -> multi-party systems
66
How is policy made and accepted/rejected in a presidential system?
The parliament as a whole
The president proposes, parliament accepts
Parliament proposes, president accepts rejects
The politburo
67
Which MENA country most strongly believes in democracy religious authorities interpret laws?
Morocco
Yemen
Libya
Qatar
68
Democratic political systems with high centralisation of decision-making are...
fundamentally wrong
lefty-liberal
scared of chickens
less likely to collapse
69
Which types of electoral systems are mixed?
Mixed-Member Majoritarian (MMM) (“Independent” / “Parallel”)
Mixed fruit pot
Mixed-Member Proportional (MMP) (“Dependent”)
Mixed berry smoothie
70
Which MENA country believes the least that civil rights are essential in a democracy?
Iraq
Bahrain
Palestine
Jordan
71
What happens in proportional Closed-List PR?
Citizens vote for one of the party lists in the constituency
Seats allocated to parties proportion votes in constituency
Each party presents list of candidates in each constituency
Several MPs elected in each constituency (‘multi-member’)
72
What has led to the rise of the popular right and left across Europe?
Appears ideology is much more important to these parties
Strongly committed to policy and refusal to dilute
Offering radical alternative to some mainstream parties
Populist and supported by ‘losers’ of globalisation
73
What did Sartori say in 1976?
Therefore, both the number & ideological distance of matters
Mamosas
The proletariat revolution
>5 parties competing goes towards extreme unless groupings
74
What are some possible explanations for the uprisings?
A collapse in the power of the state
A response to economic problems
Islam no longer being the state religion
Positive attitudes towards democracy
75
What are some cons of the parliamentary system?
Powerful party whips
Indirectly accountable government
Weak parliament
Policy change can be too quick
76
Cox said Duverger’s logic only works at constituency level. How does he elaborate on this?
Rawls
Locke
Voters coordinate around parties that have chance of winning
Number competitive candidates=number seats to be elected +1
77
When do protests occur?
Those hopes are dashed by high unemployment
Education leads to rising expectations
When McDonalds start to close
Jason Bourne
78
How does the Semi-Presidential model work?
President can dissolve the parliament -> new elections
President appoints PM, but PM appoints Cabinet
He doesn't act very statesmanlike
PM & Cabinet can be removed by the President or Parliament
79
Where is FPTP used in the UK?
House of Commons
European Parliament
School Governor elections
Local Councils in England
80
Arab states can be described as...
terrorist states
plagued by the 'resource curse'
enemies of the West
rentier states
81
How is policy made and accepted/rejected in a Semi-Presidential system?
The parliament decides
The president decides
President/government proposes, parliament accepts/rejects
Parliament proposes, President/government accepts/rejects
82
How many votes per seat did UKIP get in 2015?
671,401
99,275
3,881,099
1,127,853
83
Which MENA countries Polity IV scores were worse in 2014, compared to 2010?
Bahrain
Sudan
Syria
Egypt
84
What happens under the MMS electoral system?
Uses FPTP -> choose candidate represent them in constituency
Each voter gets two votes. For a candidate and for a party.
Hybrid voting system
Uses PR -> candidates on party list represent larger region.
85
Why might parties converge?
Party leaders
Threat of competition from other parties
Multiple dimensions
Social cleavages
86
How can PR be modified?
Small multi-member districts
High electoral threshold
Mixed-Member Majoritarianism
“Winners’ Bonus” – extra seats for the winning party/parties
87
Which Arabic country has the highest GDP per capita?
Kuwait
Qatar
Algeria
Jordan
88
What happened in the Syrian revolution?
Assad peacefully stepped aside
ISIS and regional dynamics complicate picture. Civil war
Battles intensify and attempts at ceasefire collapse
Protests began in 2011. Gov clampdown forceful over summer
89
Which system leads to accountable politicians?
Closed-List PR
STV
90
How many votes per seat did the Conservatives get in 2015?
25,904
34,243
15,806
100,321
91
Which MENA country, which was Arabic, had the highest Polity IV score in 2010?
Libya
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
92
A a percentage of national income, what was the average tax rate for the top 20 oil producers?
15.9
11.71
9.35
12.24
93
What did Cheibub and Limongi find out in 2002 that occurred between 1946 and 1999?
Pres. regimes worse when controlling for factors like wealth
THEY HAVE FUNNY NAMES
1/23 presidential regimes died
1/58 parliamentary regimes died
94
In semipresidential system, what happens if President + parliament aren't same political party?
Political deadlock
System works like a parliamentary system
System works like a presidential system
Anarchy
95
What do political parties do?
Help structure the political world
Create link between rulers and ruled
Provide recruitment and socialisation of political elite
Mobilization of the masses
96
What does 'The True Clash of Civilisations' theory say?
Rome will rise again
Gender equality linked with a society’s level of democracy
Fault line = ‘sexual clash of civilizations’
Culture matters- core clash not over political values
97
How does Horrowitz respond to Linz?
Electoral system matters more
Linz uses skewed sample of Latin America
Historical conditions matter, such as military intervention
Presidency is more varied that Linz allows for
98
How can the head of the executive be chosen?
Directly elected
Elected by drawing the short straw
Elected by a parliament
Elected by a special college
99
What MENA country thinks essential people choose their leaders in free elections, the least?
Bahrain
Palestine
Jordan
Lebanon
100
How does the Parliamentary model ('fusion of powers') work?
PM/Cabinet can dissolve Parliament -> new elections
PM appointed by Head of State, who then appoints Cabinet
PM & Cabinet may require a vote in Parl, and can be removed
Nuclear fusion. iT'S ALL MAGIC
101
A a percentage of national income, what was the average tax rate for the other countries?
22.38%
17.0%
8.10%
3.21%
102
Which is the most preferred method of governance in MENA (Arab Barometer, 2011)
Secular Democracy
Secular Authoritarianism
Democracy with Islam
Islamic Authoritarianism
103
Under Representative Parliaments vs. Accountable Governments, what would a Maj. system do?
Maximise government accountability
Small vote shifts -> big seat shifts (more “responsive”)
Colouring pencils
Limits number of parties -> single-party gov’t
104
What are some cons of presidential systems?
Prone to legislative 'gridlock'
Weak executive and parties
The Beatles
Regime instability
105
What nation is an example of a semi-presidential system?
Canada
FYROM
Mali
France
106
What happened in Libya's revolution?
UN SC no-fly zone and bombing. Gaddafi killed in October
By 2014, full scale civil war breaks out
Flag change only
Protests began in Feb 2011. Gaddafi threatened counteraction
