OH III: Introduction & Terms/Concepts

Which disease vary in their virulence?

Refers to the capacity of a microorganism to cause damage in a host (does not refer to the degree of damage)

Nature environment (plants, weather, climate change); built environment (buildings/transportation)

Ability to enter and establish in body

Protection against disease through antibodies produced by another human being or animal; Limited + diminished protection

Physical barriers; Passive + Natural/Active immunity (individual); Herd immunity

One Health triad:

Aquired in two ways (contracting disease or vaccination); permanent (protected from disease for duration of life)

New cases

Socioeconomic conditions (concentrated poverty); quality schools; transportation options; public safety; segregation

Time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and the appearance of the first sign or symptom of the disease

Why are we seeing emerging disease?

How severe is the disease

Production of antibodies against a specific disease organism by the host immune system

Availability of resources to meet daily needs, such as educational + job opportunities, living wages, or healthful foods

____ requires ampliification in humans to sustain human transmission

The period of time during which an infected host remains capable of transmitting the infective agent

Protection against a disease; two types (passive + active); indicated by presence of antibodies in blood

Other aspects of One Health:

A disease that can be passed between animals and humans

Social norms + attitudes, such as discrimination; exposure to crime, violence, + social disorder (presence of trash)

The period of time between the infection of the host by the agent + the ability to transmit the agent (may look healthy)

Refers to severity of disease produced; degree to which disease has severe clinical manifestations

The ability of a foreign substance to provoke an immune response in the body of a human or other animal host species

Ability to cause disease

____ is when infectious agents multiply rapidly to high levels

Development of antibodies in an animal can provide evidence of infection with that specific disease agent

Physical barriers (people w/ disabilities); aesthetic elements (good lighting, trees, or benches)

Determinants of Health (factors that influence health status):

Infected; Subclinical (inapparent) or Clinical (apparent); Morbidity (sickness; mild or severe) + Mortality (fatal)

Ability to spread disease

Worksites, schools, + recreational settings; housing, homes, and neighborhoods; exposure to toxic substances (hazards)

Epidemiologic triad:

Maternal antibodies are passed to the infant prior to birth or in colostrum

Social support and social interactions; "food desert"; Exposure to mass media and emerging tech (internet + cell phones)

Any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans

All existing cases

The capacity of an agent to enter and multiply in a susceptible host and thus produce infection or disease