BIOL 110 Radiation Biology

The lethal effects of radiation are determined by observing __, not __.

Stem cells are more radiosensitive to radiation than mature cells.

Doses as low as __ may delay or suppress menstruation in the mature female

The hemopoietic system consists of

This law is the governing principle for As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)

In accordance with the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, the __ is the most radiosensitive and the __ is the least

The symptoms of radiation thickness most often take form of

A sunburn-like reddening of the skin

theory that a little radiation stimulates hormonal & immune responses to other toxic environmental agents, & extend life

the body is approximately 80% water & less than 1% DNA, it is concluded that the effects of irradiation results from

When a dose is delivered continuously at a lower dose rate.

Is computed by subtracting the expected cases from observed cases.

Radiation-induced __ occur on the posterior pole of the lens

Less sensitive than other blood cells

Depending on its energy, a beta particle may traverse _ of air and approximately _ of soft tissue.

If radiation damage to the DNA is severe enough, visible chromosome __ may be detected.

Which of the following is NOT an example of Stochastic Radiation Responses?

At worst, humans can expect a reduced life span of approximately __ for every rad.

Is the study of the genetics of cells, particularly cell chromosomes

The most radiosensitive phase of female cell maturation

Large, central structure contained by nuclear membrane

Radioprotectors include molecules containing a sulfhydryl group such as:

Local tissue effect that causes the skin to be tight and brittle and often cracked or flaked

Free radicals themselves are highly reactive and energetic which can be transferred to DNA, resulting in a

__ provided the greatest wealth of info on radiation-induced leukemia in humans.

According to the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, tissues with high metabolic activity are __

If the initial ionizing even occurs on the target molecule, the effect of radiation is

Chronic irradiation of the __ may result in severe malignant changes

Being an agents in radiosensitizers, what does Vitamin K do?

A linear, __ response describes that any dose is expected to produce a response. This means no dose is safe.

During radiolysis of water, the ions from the water may recombine with another type of free radical, OH to form

Molecular nutrients are brought to the cell and re-diffused through the cell membrane, where they are broken down.

Are called undifferentiated, precursor or stem cells.

Any structural damage to chromosomes can be visualized with a

What is an example of a deterministic radiation response?

At fetal life and in early childhood, the ovaries are especially

The most radiosensitive phase of the male cell maturation.

What are the types of agents in radiosensitizers?

According to the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, stem cells are __ ; mature cells are __.

When water is irradiated, it dissociates into other molecular products; this action is called

Twelve equal fractions of 50 rad delivered in 15 seconds increments, each separated by 24 hours (survivable) this is

According to Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau, a high proliferation rate for cells & high growth rate for tissues result in

_ originate in the nuclei of radioactive atoms

The construction or synthesis of macromolecules from smaller molecules

According to the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, Younger tissues and organs are more __.

The most radiosensitive cells in the hematopoietic system

The cells of a tissue system are identified by their rate of

_ dose-response relationships do not increase in direct proportionate to the dose & is represented as a curve on a graph

Question listen above.

Most scientists would suggest hat the threshold after an acute x-ray exposure is approximately__

Explains that a cell will die if target molecules inactivated as a result of radiation exposure.

_ model applies to biologic targets such as enzymes, viruses and simple cells like bacteria.

DNA has two important functions:

__ responses usually follow low radiation exposure and appear as late radiation response.

__ from an external source is nearly harmless because the radiation energy is deposited in the superficial layers.

Agents that enhance the effects of radiation

The most radiosensitive molecule

__ radiation responses usually follow high-dose exposure and early response.

Genetic cells start with how many chromosomes?

Mitosis is comprised of four sub-phases:

The stage of acute radiation syndrome which signs and symptoms are apparent.

Linear Energy Transfer (LET) is measured in hints of energy per units of distance:

Severe damage occurs within the chromosome

It is expressed as a number of cases/10^6 persons/ rem

The key molecular target in target theory is the

_ model applies to more complicated biologic system such as human cells

During radiation therapy, the skin is exposed according to a fractionated scheme, usually approximately

Consists of acute clinical symptoms that occur within hours of exposure and continue for up to a day or two.

If a sufficient number of cells sustained only sub lethal damage, & survive, they will __ the irradiated tissue or organ

Radiation damage to DNA or RNA May results in

Somatic cell proliferation (division)

Some macromolecules have small, spur-like side structures that extends off the main chain.

When a dose is delivered at the same dose rate but in equal fractions.

Radiation induced leukemia has a latent period of

DNA is the most radiosensitive target molecule in the human cell.

What are the uses of the Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER) in medicine?

Double helix macromolecule: composed of four smaller molecules arranged in specific sequences to form genetic code.

The potential of radiation damage during pregnancy will depend on

At radiation doses as low as 10 rad (100 mGy) can reduce the number of __ similarly to the radiation response of ovaries