Occam's Razor suggests that experimenters

interpret the results in the simplest manner

Increasing sample size in an experiment will

reduce Type I and Type II errors

In order to conduct an experiment regarding a hypothesis requires ___________ and ___________

control group; experimental group

only a 5% chance the difference b/w groups is due to chance

differences exist; will obtain the same result 95/100 times

The most common measures of central tendency are the mean, median and mode. The mode is

most frequently occurring score and least important measure

The most useful measure of central tendency is the

mean, often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it

Q: How IQ correlates with panic disorder; The correlation coefficient will reveal

the relationship between IQ and panic disorder

If a researcher changes the significance level from .05 to .001

alpha errors decrease; beta errors increase

The most valuable type of research is

The experiment, used to discover cause-and-effect rx

A Type I error occurs when

you reject null when it is true

In experimental terminology IV stands for _________ and DV stands for ___________

independent variable; dependent variable

Which of the following would most likely yield a perfect correlation of 1.00?

length in inches and length in centimeters

middle score when data are arranged from highest to lowest

Experiments emphasize parsimony, which means

interpreting the results in the simplest way

An experiment is said to be confounded when

undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment

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Research and Program Evaluation

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Questions 39

Answers

1
The study that would best rule out chance factors would have a significance level of P =
.05
.01
.08
.001
2
Occam's Razor suggests that experimenters
interpret the results in the most complex manner
interpret the results in the simplest manner
interpret the results using a clinical interview
interpret the results using a correlation coefficient
3
When the researchers and the subjects do not know which is the control or experimental group
double blind study
case of correlational research
single blind study
typical AB design
4
Increasing sample size in an experiment will
raise the probability of Type I and Type II errors
confound the experiment in nearly every case
reduce Type I and Type II errors
have virtually no impact on Type I and Type II errors
5
In order to conduct an experiment regarding a hypothesis requires ___________ and ___________
control group; experimental group
control group; systematic desensitization group
control & experimental groups w/at least 60 subjects
biofeedback group; systematic desensitization group
6
P = .05 means that
five subjects were not included in the study
no level of significance has been set
only a 5% chance the difference b/w groups is due to chance
the level of significance is .01
7
Type II Error
a and c
means you accept null when it is false
means you reject null when it is applicable
is also called a beta error
8
P = .05 really means
there is a 10% error factor
there is a 95% error factor
differences exist; will obtain the same result 95/100 times
differences exist; will obtain the same results 99/100 times
9
The most common measures of central tendency are the mean, median and mode. The mode is
the middle score in the distribution of scores
the arithmetic average
most frequently occurring score and least important measure
always 10% less than the mean
10
The most useful measure of central tendency is the
mean, often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it
median, often abbreviated by Md. or Mdn.
point of maximum concentration
mode, often abbreviated by Mo.
11
Q: How IQ correlates with panic disorder; The correlation coefficient will reveal
an F test
the probability that a significant difference exists
percentile rank
the relationship between IQ and panic disorder
12
If a researcher changes the significance level from .05 to .001
alpha errors decrease; beta errors increase
alpha errors increase but beta errors decrease
this will have no impact on Type I and Type II errors
alpha and beta errors will increase
13
experimenters should always abide by a code of ethics. The variable you control is
DV
dependent variable
IV or independent variable
the variable you will measure to determine the outcome
14
The most valuable type of research is
The quasi experiment
Conducted using a factor analysis
Always conducted using factor analysis
The experiment, used to discover cause-and-effect rx
15
When the subjects don't know if they're in the control or experiment group it is called
baseline for an intensive N = 1 design
single blind study
participant observer model
double blind study
16
From a graphical standpoint the so-called normal or Gaussian curve looks like
the top half of a bowling ball
the top half of a hot dog
a symmetrical bell
a mountain which is leaning toward the left
17
Behaviorists often utilize N=1, called intensive experimental design. 1st step in approach is
decide on a nonparametric statistical test
compute the range
take a baseline measure
consult a random number table
18
When you see the letter P in relation to a test of significance it means
population parameter
the researcher is using an ethnographic qualitative approach
probability
portion
19
Type I & Type II errors are called _______ and _______ respectively
alpha; beta
beta; alpha
.01; .05
a and b
20
A bimodal distribution has two modes; graphically this looks like
a mountain which is leaning toward the left
a symmetrical bell-shaped curve
the top half of a bowling ball
a camel's back with two humps
21
A Type I error occurs when
you accept null when it is false
you reject null when it is true
you have a beta error
you fail to use a test of significance
22
In social sciences the accepted probability level is usually
.05 or higher
.05 or less
.0001 or less
1.0 or higher
23
In experimental terminology IV stands for _________ and DV stands for ___________
independent variable; dependent variable
independent variable, designer variable
individual variable; dependent variable
dependent variable, independent variable
24
Which of the following would most likely yield a perfect correlation of 1.00?
height and weight
length in inches and length in centimeters
IQ and salary
ICD diagnosis and salary
25
Experimental is to cause and effect as correlation is to
blind study
degree of relationship
N = 1 design
double blind study
26
In a basic curve or so called frequency polygon the point of maximum concentration
median
range
mode
mean
27
Does correlation mean causation?
No.
Yes
28
A good guess would be correlating the length of a grad's toe length to exam scores would
be about +.70
result in close to a perfect 1.00
result in close to 0.00
result in close to a perfect -1.00
29
Students who study a lot got high scores on an exam. The correlation between the two would be
0.00
impossible to ascertain
negative
positive
30
The median is
the most-frequent value obtained
the arithmetic average
middle score when data are arranged from highest to lowest
never more useful than the mean
31
Experiments emphasize parsimony, which means
interpreting the results in the simplest way
interpreting the results in the most complex manner
interpreting the results using a clinical interview
interpreting the results using a correlation coefficient
32
When a distribution of scores is not distributed normally statisticians call it
Gauss's curve
a skewed distribution
a symmetrical bell-shaped curve
an invalid distribution
33
Nondirective is to person-centered as
psychological testing is to counseling
appraisal is to research
confounding is to experimenting
parsimony is to Occam's Razor
34
In order to compare a control group to the experimental group the researcher will need
percentile rank
only descriptive statistics
a test of significance
correlation coefficient
35
Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of
Lloyd Morgan
Robert Hoppock
R. A. Fisher
Sigmund Freud
36
An experiment is said to be confounded when
the sample is random
undesirable variables are kept out of the experiment
undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment
basic research is used in place of applied research
37
To complete a t-test, consult a tabled value of t. To see if significant diffs exist in ANOVA
the mode
a table for F values
the chi square
a table for t values
38
The mean is misleading when
the distribution is skewed
the distribution has no extreme scores
a and c
there are extreme scores
39
Which level of significance would best rule out chance factors
.001
.01
.2
.05

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