Choose a strength of qualitative data

allows indepth exploration of what Ps are thinking/feeling, Give us rich data about a topic to use in content analysis

Repeated measures is where

Ps are compared to themselves and do all the conditions

A strength of brain scanning is that

you can use experiments to test where activity is happening, it is an objective and scientific measure of brain activity

How can qualitative data be analysed?

with content or thematic analysis

To overcome order effects you can use

counterbalancing (ABBA) and randomisation

Negative skew is when

the data is clustered near the bottom end of the data set

does it measure what is it supposed to measure?, do Ps actually understand tasks in the same way?

how is content analysis done?

finding + tallying categories, then combining into themes

What is qualitative data?

words or sentences that describe a response to an issue

The difference between MRI and fMRI scans is that

fMRI uses magnets and oxygen levels to determine activity

when X-Rays are used to create 360 degree detailed images

What is quantitative data?

numerical data such as scores or measurements such as weight

Choose a weakness of qualitative data

difficult to summarise as it can’t be statistically analysed, It can lack reliability

Strengths of repeated measures

needs fewer Ps than IM/MP, controls individual differences

Positive skew is when

the distribution of data is heaviest towards the top end

Types of validity include

internal validity (lab stuff), external/ecological validity

What does the normal distribution assume?

the mean, median and mode are bang in the centre of the data

you do the same experiment and get same results

A positive correlation is when

as one variable (e.g. stress) increases so does the other

Why is matched pairs better than independent measures in some ways?

it has some control over individual differences

probability of results being due to chance is 5% or less

You can increase reliability by

ensuring that most extraneous variables are controlled, having a standardised procedure that's repeatable

Psycho Bob wants to know which is the most representative of his population?

stratified but is time-consuming to do properly

Psycho Bob wants to know why he shouldn't use volunteers...

they may have particular characteristics - unrepresentative!

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Research Methods in Psychology

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Research Methods in Psychology for Edexcel 2015 (AS)

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Questions 37

Answers

1
A Type I error is a
false positive
false negative
2
Which of these is not a strong negative correlation?
-0.6
-0.8
-.1
-2.5
3
Choose a strength of qualitative data
allows indepth exploration of what Ps are thinking/feeling
Can be analysed to produce summary statistics + graphs
less open to subjective intepretation than quantitative data
Give us rich data about a topic to use in content analysis
4
Repeated measures is where
Ps are matched on age
participants do the same thing four times
Ps are compared to themselves and do all the conditions
Ps do different conditions and are compared to themselves
5
Psycho Bob gets participants by grabbing people off the street...
random
volunteer
opportunity
stratified
6
What is this a description of?
CAT scan
PET scan
fMRI scan
PETTING scan
7
A strength of brain scanning is that
it can be difficult to determine exactly which bit is active
you can use experiments to test where activity is happening
they are all non-intrusive
it is an objective and scientific measure of brain activity
8
How can qualitative data be analysed?
calculating measures of dispersion and central tendency
producing data table summaries and graphs
adding up all the numbers and dividing them
with content or thematic analysis
9
Which has more internal validity?
laboratory experiments
surveys (questionnaires)
10
To overcome order effects you can use
use matched pairs instead
run the study with other participants the following week
you can't
counterbalancing (ABBA) and randomisation
11
If you want to see cause and effect...
run an unstructured natural observation
conduct a correlation study
do an experiment
give out a questionnaire
12
Psycho Bob gets participants by putting their names in a hat/computer and drawing them out...
random sampling
stratified sampling
opportunity sampling
volunteer
13
Negative skew is when
the mean, median and mode are near the top end of the range
the data looks like a bell curve
most of the data is at the top end of the data set
the data is clustered near the bottom end of the data set
14
Validity is
does it work the same time each time?
does it measure what is it supposed to measure?
being right about loving Psychology
do Ps actually understand tasks in the same way?
15
how is content analysis done?
finding + tallying categories, then combining into themes
finding patterns
finding + tallying themes, then reducing them to categories
writing up themes or categories
16
High control of IV/DV, determining cause and effect, scientific credibility are strengths of...
questionnaires
field studies
natural experiments
lab experiments
17
What is qualitative data?
words
words or sentences that describe a response to an issue
numbers
sentences
18
The difference between MRI and fMRI scans is that
MRI measures oxygen levels, fMRI tests hydrogen nuclei
MRI uses magnets to determine brain structure
MRI shows activity in the brain
fMRI uses magnets and oxygen levels to determine activity
19
A CAT or CT scan is
Using magnets to detect activity in the brain
Like a PET scan without the radioactive tracer
when X-Rays are used to create 360 degree detailed images
putting kitty into a tube and weirding her out
20
What is quantitative data?
numbers
scores and measurements
numerical data such as scores or measurements such as weight
sentences that to describe a response to an issue
21
High ecological validity, possible issues with interpretation are features of
questionnaires
laboratory experiments
field experiments
natural experiments
22
Choose a weakness of qualitative data
can give narrow and unrealistic results (forced to choose)
difficult to summarise as it can’t be statistically analysed
It doesn’t allow issues to be explored in depth
It can lack reliability
23
How many groups do you need in independent measures or matched pairs?
one
two
24
Strengths of repeated measures
controls for independent variables
allows individual differences in ability to be explored
needs fewer Ps than IM/MP, controls individual differences
controls individual differences, can have order effects
25
Positive skew is when
the distribution of data is heaviest towards the top end
the data is below the y axis
you cut a normal curve in half
the distribution of data is heaviest at the bottom end
26
which of these is a decent DV?
recall
no of words
no of words correctly recalled
amount recalled
27
Types of validity include
internal validity (lab stuff), external/ecological validity
test-retest, inter-rater
open and closed questions
stratified and random
28
What does the normal distribution assume?
the mean, median and mode are to the right of centre
the mean, median and mode are to the left of centre
the mean, median and mode are bang in the centre of the data
80% of the data is 1 sd from the mean
29
reliability is when
results mean what you thought they did
you do the same experiment and get different results
you do the same experiment and get same results
30
A positive correlation is when
as one variable (e.g. stress) decreases so does the other
as one variable (e.g. stress) increases so does the other
a value between 1.1 and 30.2
a value between -1 and -0.1
31
Why is matched pairs better than independent measures in some ways?
matching can be difficult
it needs twice as many participants
it has some control over individual differences
it has full control over individual differences
32
Two tailed means
a directional hypothesis
a hypothesis about a confused dog
a confused dog
a non-directional hypothesis
33
p <= 0.05 means
probability of results being due to chance is 95%
probability of results being due to chance is 5% or less
34
You can increase reliability by
ensuring that most extraneous variables are controlled
using matched pairs
having a standardised procedure that's repeatable
using volunteer sampling
35
Psycho Bob wants to know which is the most representative of his population?
random but is time-consuming to do properly
stratified but is time-consuming to do properly
opportunity but is time-consuming to do properly
volunteer but is time-consuming to do properly
36
Psycho Bob wants to know why he shouldn't use volunteers...
he's Psycho Bob
they are difficult to get
they may have particular characteristics - unrepresentative!
opportunity is less representative
37
Which of these is a rubbish IV?
age
type of book being read
aged 16-19 and aged 22-35
male and female

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