TOEFL Reading: The Domestication of Dogs - vocabulary Flashcards | StudBud

TOEFL Reading: The Domestication of Dogs - vocabulary

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Questions 40

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1
Who are “alpha wolves”?
Stray dogs
Sick animals
Young pups
Top-ranking leaders in a pack
2
What is a “scenario”?
Possible situation or event
Toy model
True story
Impossible dream
3
What are “kindred species”?
Birds only
Marine creatures
Closely related species
Alien species
4
What are “allies”?
Competitors
Supportive partners
Strangers
Enemies
5
What does “solid evidence” refer to?
Imaginary belief
Reliable proof
Loose theory
Assumption
6
What is “deliberate selection”?
Accidental change
Ignoring differences
Random picking
Careful choosing based on traits
7
What is the “instinct to flee”?
Natural urge to run from danger
Feeling of comfort
Habit of resting
Desire to attack
8
What are “overlapping ecological niches”?
Uninhabited zones
Mountain tops
Similar environmental roles
Totally different environments
9
What is a “glacial period”?
Tropical season
Era of heatwaves
Time of global cold climate
Stormy age
10
What are “competitors”?
Fans
Peacekeepers
Helpers
Rivals fighting for the same resource
11
What are “settlements”?
Places where people live
Mountains
Jungles
Vehicles
12
What does “mutually beneficial” mean?
Only good for one
No effect
Harmful to all
Good for both sides
13
What does “overturning” mean?
Completely changing or rejecting
Fixing gently
Building upon
Supporting tradition
14
What is a “sufficient explanation”?
Fake story
False excuse
Enough reason
Unnecessary talk
15
What does “significant diversity” describe?
No variety
Repeated pattern
Limited options
Wide variety
16
What is a “dominance hierarchy”?
Sleeping arrangement
System of ranking within a group
Holiday calendar
Eating schedule
17
What does “proximity” mean?
Closeness in distance
Danger zone
Cloudy sky
Far away
18
Who are “opportunistic feeders”?
Never eat leftovers
Animals that eat whatever is available
Only eat at night
Only eat meat
19
What are “formidable tools”?
Broken items
Powerful instruments
Tiny utensils
Cooking pots
20
What does “actively participated” mean?
Ignored it
Watched passively
Stayed silent
Took part with effort
21
What does “domesticated” most nearly mean?
Wild and free
Kept in forests
Tamed by humans
Naturally extinct
22
What does it mean to “breed” animals?
Feed them
Paint them
Help them reproduce
Sell them
23
What does “reconciled” mean?
Brought into agreement
Kept in conflict
Started a war
Ignored problems
24
What are “hunter-gatherers”?
Soldiers
Farmers
Writers
People who hunt and collect food
25
What does “initial overlap” mean?
Constant conflict
First instance of sharing space
Future meeting
Total separation
26
What does “evolved” mean in the context of species?
Developed over time
Disappeared fast
Stayed the same
Was artificially made
27
What is the meaning of “millennia”?
Hundreds of years
Decades
Thousands of years
Years in a century
28
What are “scraps”?
Valuable jewelry
Leftover food
Newspapers
Brand new dishes
29
What are “protodogs”?
Modern wolves
Early ancestors of dogs
Big cats
Farm animals
30
What does “crucial element” refer to?
Background noise
Key part
Minor detail
Optional choice
31
Who are “social hunters”?
Scavengers
Animals that hunt in groups
Lone animals
Night hunters
32
What does “rigid order” mean?
Flexible system
Strict organization
Loose structure
Open plan
33
What are “independent domestication events”?
Separate times animals were tamed
Single taming moment
Unplanned breeding
Shared animal origins
34
What does “adapted” mean in biology?
Went extinct
Stayed identical
Changed to fit environment
Ignored changes
35
What is “aggression”?
Calm manner
Hostile or violent behavior
Kind gesture
Relaxed tone
36
What are “disconnected communities”?
Groups not in contact
Urban cities
Communities in alliance
Digital networks
37
What does “comparable social hierarchies” mean?
Political systems
Unstructured group
Similar rankings in group
Financial status
38
What are “niches” in ecology?
Rainfall data
Bookshelves
Roles or positions in ecosystem
Computer desks
39
What are “natural cohabitants”?
Species that live together in nature
Seasonal visitors
Artificial companions
Humans only
40
What is a “dominance hierarchy”?
Group friendship
Random behavior
Democratic voting
System where some individuals are ranked higher