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AP Psych Exam Review - The Big One Flashcards | StudBud
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AP Psych Exam Review - The Big One
AP Psych Exam Review - The Big One
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1
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
cerebellum
hypothalamus
pons
cerebral cortex
2
which of the following is most likely to lead to a confabulated memory
proactive interference
relearning effect
leading questions
brain injury
3
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
unconditioned response
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
4
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
5
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
biological
trait
humanistic
psychoanalytic
6
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
a mental set
low experiential intelligence
belief perseverance
divergent thinking
7
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
in-group bias
compliance strategies
self-serving bias
individualism
8
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
test-retest reliability
construct validity
aptitude measures
standardization
9
What is the purpose of the DSM
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
10
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
environmental factors that influence intelligence
nonessential subjects like art and music
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
11
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
humanistic
evolutionary
psychodynamic
cognitive
12
What percent of people score between 70 and 130 on the WISC (M: 100, SD:15)
95
50
68
84
13
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
experiment
case study
correlation study
naturalistic observation
14
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
reward : punishment
reduce : stereotypes
assimilate : accomodate
ignore : adaptation
15
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
factor analysis
unconditional positive regard
defense mechanisms
secondary central dispositions
16
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
bottom up processing
absolute threshold
signal detection theory
difference threshold
17
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
obsessive-compulsive disorder
major depressive disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
18
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Carl Rogers
William James
19
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
sleep apnea and night terrors
interference with memory tasks
heightened manifest dream content
20
Ani believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
an extraverted personality
high self-efficacy
a strong superego
low self-esteem
21
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
dopamine
acetylcholine
adrenaline
serotonin
22
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
test-retest reliability
predictive validity
content validity
split-half reliability
23
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
24
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
attachment
assimilation
motor development
parenting style
25
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
intrinsic motivation
extrinsic motivation
primary drives
need for achievement
26
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
trait
psychoanalytic
cognitive
humanistic
27
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
social facilitation
deindividuation
group polarization
groupthink
28
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
that primates can make and use tools
that language is a uniquely human skill
the importance of physical contact to development
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
29
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
Schachter two-factor theory
James-Lange theory
opponent process theory
social facilitation theory
30
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
superordinate goals
deindividuation
group polarization
diffusion of responsibility
31
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
lack of debriefing
risk of psychological harm
lack of informed consent
violation of confidentiality
32
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
unconditional positive regard
the Oedipus complex
an external locus of control
the self-serving bias
33
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
conservation
universal ethical principles
object permanence
attachment
34
When Jake is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Jake is not late again
modeling
positive punishment
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
35
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
operant conditioning
instrumental learning
observational learning
classical conditioning
36
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
hearing
balance
touch
sight
37
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
dissociative identity disorder
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
major depressive disorder
38
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
external
situational
internal
fundamental
39
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
family
culture
environment
temperament
40
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
EEG
PET
MRI
rTMS
41
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
self-serving bias
self-fulfilling prophecy
cognitive dissonance
fundamental attribution error
42
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
myelination of brain neurons
early gross motor practice
concrete operational exercises
secure attachment with parents
43
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
sensory adaptation
difference threshold
absolute threshold
frequency theory
44
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
four legs and a seat
pens, pencils, and a computer
a desk and/or table
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
45
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
a theory
overconfidence
self-serving bias
hindsight bias
46
the limbic system plays an important role in
maintaining balance
regulating emotion
processing sensory information
planning for the future
47
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
assignment to conditions
representative assignment
random sampling
random assignment
48
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
eat a meal
go for a run
pursue a romantic interest
make new friends
49
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
double blind study
counterbalancing
single blind study
Hawthorne effect
50
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
James-Lange theory of emotion
Yerkes-Dodson law
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
51
Vance's psychiatrist diagnoses him with bipolar disorder. Which medication would he prescribe
benzodiazepines
L-Dopa
lithium
SSRIs
52
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
medulla
amygdala
hypothalamus
cerebellum
53
10 YO Genna underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
understanding what was said to her
speaking aloud
solving a logic problem
moving her left hand
54
Which of the following is found in Jung's model of the collective unconscious
inferiority complexes
functional fixedness
archetypes
repressed memories
55
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
cerebellum
cerebral cortex
sensory cortex
medulla
56
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
binocular and monocular cues
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
top-down and bottom-up processing
proximity and similarity
57
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
semantic encoding
long-term potentiation
state-dependent memory
proactive interference
58
which is an example of an implicit memory
remembering how to tie your shoelace
recognizing a celebrity
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
describing the taste of a birthday cake
59
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
latent learning
modeling
mirror neurons
sublimation
60
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
scapegoating
superordinate goals
stereotyping
out-group homogeneity
61
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
unhealthy attributional styles
unfulfilled needs
neurochemical imbalances
learned associations
62
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
trait theory
social cognitive theroy
psychodynamic theory
biological theory
63
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
64
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
health psychology
positive psychology
psychometrics
social psychology
65
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
humanist
trait
social-cognitive
psychoanalyst
66
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
bipolar disorder
dissociative identity disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
panic disorder
67
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
fundamental attribution error
self-fulfilling prophecy
out-group homogeneity
reciprocity norm
68
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
responding to deindividuation among group members
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
increasing group polarization within different groups
69
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
is influenced by the self-serving bias
70
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
71
turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound
amplitude of the wave
frequency of the wave
pitch of the tone
transduction of the wave
72
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
73
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
linear perspective
convergence
retinal disparity
closure
74
testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
cross-sectional study
longitudinal study
developmental study
social-cognitive study
75
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
primary
continuous
partial
secondary
76
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
behavioral
social
dispositional
situational
77
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
Parkinson's disease
major depressive disorder
Alzheimer's disease
autism
78
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
punishment and aversion
performing a task and receiving food
nausea and food or drink
movement and electrical shocks
79
authoritarian parents demonstrate
high warmth and high control
low warmth and high control
high warmth and low control
low warmth and low control
80
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
psychodynamic
biological
evolutionary
humanistic
81
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
achieving physiological homeostasis
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
82
people who catch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
counterconditioning
observational learning
insight learning
latent learning
83
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
the overjustification effect
the law of effect
latent learning
social learning theory
84
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
late 40s
early 20s
mid 30s
puberty
85
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
self-serving bias
just world bias
false consensus effect
Barnum effect
86
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
psychoanalytic
cognitive
behavioral
evolutionary
87
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
personality psychologist
clinical psychologist
sociocultural psychologist
cognitive psychologist
88
Which is most closely associated with creativity
contextual intelligence
divergent thinking
hypothesis testing
functional fixedness
89
en route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
feature detectors
fovea
optic chiasm
optic nerve
90
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
gate-control theory
frequency theory
opponent-process theory
transduction theory
91
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
projective
achievement
standardized
triarchic
92
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
morpheme
grapheme
phoneme
holobase
93
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
traits, the environment, and behavior
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
id, ego, and superego
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
94
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
language acquisition device
linguistic relativity hypothesis
phonemes and morphemes
serial position effect
95
which 2 competing theories explain the effects of hypnosis
manifest content and latent content
conscious level and non conscious level
circadian rhythm and paradoxical sleep
role theory and dissociation theory
96
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
97
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
Gage's area
hippocampus
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
98
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
tolerance
activation-synthesis
dissociation
antagonists
99
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
aptitude test
IQ test
EQ test
achievement test
100
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
remove : punish
remove : increase
remove : decrease
add : decrease
101
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
inappropriate or flat affect
substance abuse and dependence
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
disconnection from reality and delusions
102
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
variable interval
fixed variable
continuous
fixed ratio
103
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
psychoanalyst
clinical psychologist
psychiatrist
cognitive psychotherapist
104
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
his research wasn't representative of the population
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
105
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
106
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
cognitive
structuralist
pharmacological
behavioral
107
A teacher whose class culture encourages intrinsic motivation uses which management style
postconventional
theory Y
approach-avoidance
James-Lange
108
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
range
mean
standard deviation
median
109
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
fetal alcohol syndrome
autism spectrum disorder
mental retardation
Down syndrome
110
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
discrimination
accommodation
habituation
assimilation
111
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
disinhibition
social facilitation
conformity
social roles
112
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
talking to a patient
cognitive-behavioral interventions
secondary preventions
biomedical interventions
113
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
masculine/feminine personality traits
hormones released in the womb
traumatic childhood experiences
parenting style
114
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
token economies
REBT
systematic desensitization
client-centered therapy
115
Reading a job description written with masculine pronouns, people think of the employee as male
principle of continuity
gender schema theory
the social role hypothesis
linguistic relativity hypothesis
116
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
cones
rods
cornea
optic nerve
117
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
avoidance-avoidance
she does not have a conflict
approach-approach
approach-avoidance
118
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
counterconditioning
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
rational emotive behavior therapy
119
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
have been exposed to good, moral role models
be able to take another person's perspective
believe in God
120
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
physical contact between dendrites
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
hormones jump from one axon to the next
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
121
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
stepping
rooting
Babinski
Moro
122
which structure is part of the inner ear
auditory canal
malleus (hammer)
tympanic membrane
basilar membrane
123
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on
crystallized intelligence
aptitude intelligence
fluid intelligence
multiple intelligences
124
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they can determine causal relationships between variables
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
they involve more research participants than other studies
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
125
Why are psychoanalysts interested in talking with patients about dreams
neurotransmitter anomalies cause dream disturbances
counter conditioned behaviors are often revealed in dreams
symbols in dreams represent unconscious conflicts
disturbing dreams are obstacles to self actualization
126
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
127
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
behavior shaping
higher-order conditioning
token economy
law of effect
128
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
medulla oblongata
hippocampus
prefrontal cortex
corpus callosum
129
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
procedural memory
episodic memory
eidetic memory
semantic memory
130
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
inferential statistics
standard deviation
counterbalancing
descriptive statistics
131
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
placebo effect
size of the group
presence of an authority figure
wearing guard uniforms
132
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
conscientiousness
openness
neuroticism
extraversion
133
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
median
mean
standard deviation
range
134
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
schedules; punishers
learned responses; physiological reactions
fixed intervals; variable ratios
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
135
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
unconscious conflicts
secondary drives and needs
parenting styles
genetics and nutrition
136
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
schizophrenic
dissociative
anixety
personality
137
Which is most directly involved in the electrical aspect of neurotransmission
myelin
synaptic cleft
neurotransmiters
terminal button
138
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
procedural memory
long-term memory
short-term memory
sensory memory
139
What number will tell Matt whether his research is statistically significant
a mean that is the same as the median
a correlation coefficient close to .75
a standard deviation of 4 or more
a probability of chance less than 5%
140
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
daily activities
circadian rhythm
sleep cycles
personalities
141
the somatic nervous system is part of the
sympathetic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
central nervous system
autonomic nervous system
142
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
schizophrenia
antisocial personality disorder
dissociative identity disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
143
An EEG of Cyrus after he has been asleep for about an hour would show primarily
alpha waves
sleep spindles
delta waves
beta waves
144
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
representativeness heuristic
confirmation bias
framing effects
inattentional blindness
145
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
neuroplasticity
effective psychological environment
contralateral control
hemispheric lateralization
146
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
gestalt therapy
prefrontal lobotomy
electro-convulsive shock therapy
free association
147
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
well below the average of 200
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
slightly above average
148
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
endocrine system
serotonin system
sympathetic nervous system
somatic nervous system
149
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
anal stage
latency period
oral stage
phallic stage
150
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the reconstructive nature of memory
the rate at which people forget information
the role of the hippocampus in memory
the serial position effect
151
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
at what age can children reason abstractly
152
4YO Kate sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate has a lack of conservation
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate lacks object permanence
153
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
smell
hearing
touch
sight
154
light enters the eye through an opening in the
blind spot
iris
fovea
retina
155
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
specific changes in the brain
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
156
In people, rods, unlike cones,
are unable to detect motion
are located in the center of the retina
respond more quickly to colors
have a lower absolute threshold for light
157
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
say a sentence
clap their hands
write with a pencil
cut with a knife
158
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Kohlberg's moral development theory
Harlow's contact comfort theory
Piaget's cognitive development theory
159
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
episodic memory
recall
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
retroactive memory
160
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
detecting absolute threshold
hearing high frequencies
sound localization
sensory adaptation
161
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
projection
displacement
reaction formation
sublimation
162
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
normally distributed
modes
outliers
variances
163
When running for class president, Edy puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
deindividuation
central route persuasion
mere-exposure effect
foot-in-the-door phenomenon