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PHCY 432 Test 2 Review Flashcards | StudBud
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PHCY 432 Test 2 Review
PHCY 432 Test 2 Review
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1
Variable classification is important to determine what statistical method is most appropriate to make infer
True
False
2
If you flip a coin, the odds of a heads result are equal to 1.
True
False
3
An OR < 1 suggests that odds of an event happing in the exposed group are less than in the non-exposed group.
False
True
4
Joint Commission controls
list of confused drug names
FAERS
do not use list
look alike sound alike
5
Quantitative variables are best described as things that cannot be ranked
True
False
6
type of safety culture: focus is on cause of the error, and therefore errors caused by system failures are not punished
blame free
fair
just culture
punitive
7
During which stage of treatment does concurrent drug utilization review involve monitoring drug therapy?
throughout the course of treatment
after med is dispensed
before med is dispensed
8
What is the maximum possible value for the difference in risk?
100
0
1
1000
9
Which of the following is NOT a drug most involved in pharmacist malpractice cases?
Amoxicillin
Warfarin
Hydrocodone
Digoxin
10
Treatment assignment to drug or placebo is best described as the:
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
Control Variable
11
A RR>1 suggest that treatment decreases the risk of the outcome of interest
True
False
12
In the Swiss Cheese Model of Error, what do the layers of cheese represent?
Communication channels among team members
Interventions to prevent errors
Sequential stages of error occurrence
Various factors contributing to errors
13
Which of the following is a measure of dispersion?
skew
median
pearson r
mean
14
All ADRs are medication errors
True
False
15
Which of the following is the best example of a binary variable?
Number of emergency department visits
Letter grades
Drug metabolite concentration
COVID test results (+/-)
16
Which of the following is not a value that is effected by outliers?
mean
mode
pearson r
standard deviation
17
r=0 indicates there is no relationship between 2 variables
False
True
18
The IQR is interested in the differences between which quartiles of our data set?
0-25
75-100
25-75
19
What is the relative risk of CHD in smokers to non-smokers?
2.3
3.0
2.0
0.4
20
The formula for Relative Risk Reduction is the numerator of the formula for Absolute Risk Reduction.
False
True
21
What type of variable would blood pressure be considered?
discrete
continous
nominal
ordinal
22
In a _______________ skewed distribution, the mean is greater than the median
negatively
positively
normally
oddly
23
The probability of getting bonus points in a given class is 5/13. Find the odds in favor of getting bonus points.
8:5
5:8
8:13
5:3
24
What is the Odds Ratio for CHD in smokers to non-smokers?
2.53
0.4
3.42
2.38
25
type of safety culture: encourage reporting of errors as there was no risk of punishment, regardless of cause of error
punitive
fair
just culture
blame free
26
Which of the following is not a main categories of prescribing errors?
wrong route
wrong dose
wrong quanity
wrong patient
27
pick the type of safety culture: those who make error are held personally responsible, regardless of root cause
punitive
fair
just culture
blame free
28
Which of the following are ordinal data?
mortality rate
improvment (y/n)
grade of breast cancer
sex assigned at birth
29
Interpret the RR for developing oral cancer in an individual that drinks less that 0.4 oz of alcohol per day is 0.04
it decreases an individuals risk for oral cancer
in increases an individuals risk for oral cancer
it seems to prevent oral cnacer
it has no effect on oral cancer
30
Ethnicity is best categorized as an ordinal variable.
True
False
31
Which of the measures of central tendency is best described as preferred for nominal data?
multivariable
mean
mode
median
32
A group of authors reports a relative risk increase of 50%. This corresponds to a risk ratio of:
1.5
3.5
0.5
2.5
33
Which of the following is not a right for med safety?
drug
dose
patient
provider
34
Correlation implies causation
False
True
35
What is the proportion of non-smokers that were ultimately diagnosed with lung cancer
?
0.009
0.991
0.952
0.048
36
According to the Iceberg Theory of Errors, what does the "tip of the iceberg" represent in the context of errors?
Immediate causes visible to all
Root causes hidden beneath the surface
Secondary consequences of errors
Prevention strategies implemented post-error
37
__________ is widely considered the MOST conservative method of reporting risk difference.
EER
ARR
RRR
CER
38
Which of the following is an example of a quantitative variable?
eye color
marital status
level of education
age
39
Which of the following is a measure of
dispersion
(or variability)?
interquartile range
nominal data
mean
correlation coefficient
40
mistakes are when attention is diverted from the task at hand
True
False
41
If the relative risk of Myocardial Infarction is 0.80, what is the relative risk reduction?
1.8
0.2
0.8
1.2
42
Which category of DUR involves the evaluation of a patient's drug therapy before the medication is dispensed?
prospective
retrospective
concurrent
prespective
43
Which of the following CANNOT be a value for the correlation coefficient?
0
-0.65
1.8
0.23
44
Which of the following is an example of a qualitative variable?
dog breed
zip code
patient height
population size of country
45
Which of the following is not a key element of proper functioning of pharmaceutical care system?
monitoring treatment
initiating treatment
managing treatment
removing treatment
46
Mean is sensitive to outliers and can be affected by skew in the data
False
True
47
NNT is nothing more than the reciprocal of ARR, mathematically speaking
False
True
48
Who typically conducts prospective drug utilization reviews?
technicians
patients
healthcare providers
third party payers
49
Odds ratios are generally reserved for use in case-control studies
True
False
50
Probability or risk is the likelihood of a negative event occurring
False
True
51
Standard deviation can only use used for continuous data in a normal distribution
False
True
52
Which of the following is not one of the 4 R's of Medical Error Disclosure?
Reporting
Reach Out
Review
Responsibility
53
Descriptive statistics draws conclusions about a population from a sample
True
False
54
A risk ratio equal to zero suggests there is no different in the event occurring between the exposed and the unexposed
True
False
55
Which of following is not a fundamental function of descriptive statistics?
summarizing data
analyzing data
presenting data
organizing data
56
What is the proportion of smokers with CHD?
0.025
0.035
0.015
0.965
