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APSC 151 Midterm Prep (Sci '27) Flashcards | StudBud
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APSC 151 Midterm Prep (Sci '27)
APSC 151 Midterm Prep (Sci '27)
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1
A syncline is ________.
a fold in which older flanking strata dip toward the axis
a fold in which the older central strata dip away from the axis
a fold with only one limb
a paralytic drunken fold characterized by recumbent limbs
2
The top of the asthenosphere is closest to the surface ________.
along the length of a deep mantle plume
along a mid-ocean ridge
along a subduction zone
along a transform fault
3
Which of the following sedimentary rocks would you expect to have originally been deposited by fast-moving streams?
mudstone
oolitic limestone
conglomerate
wacke
4
Which of the following stress situations results in folding of flat-lying sedimentary strata?
vertically directed, extensional or stretching stresses
horizontally directed, extensional stresses
vertically oriented digital stresses
horizontally directed, compressive stresses
5
Which of the following minerals are silicates?
hematite, magnetite, and corundum
anhydrite, gypsum, and barite
muscovite, hornblende, and plagioclase
calcite, aragonite, and dolomite
6
Normal and reverse faults are characterized mainly by ___________ slip.
dip
strike
oblique
horizontal
7
The ________ division of the geologic time scale is an era of the Phanerozoic Eon.
Permian
Paleocene
Proterozoic
Paleozoic
8
Which of the following is not a physical property?
Boiling Point
Stiffness
Magnetism
Reactivity
9
Approximately how much more energy is released in a 6.5 Richter magnitude earthquake than in one with magnitude 5.5?
3200
100
32
10
10
Rotational Slump Failures occur in...
Massive hard rock slopes
Sensitive clay slopes
Strong layered rock
Soil or weathered rock masses
11
The process of turning a sediment into a sedimentary rock is called ________.
crystallization
redeposition
lithification
Conglomeration
12
DNAPLS...
travel down until they hit an aquitard
float on the water table
dissolve into the groundwater
adhere to the soil particles
13
The best isotope for dating early human settlements in North America after the last ice age would be...
Rubidium-87
Carbon-14
Potassium-40
Uranium - 235/238
14
Which of the following foundation materials is most stable during earthquake shaking?
unconsolidated moist soil
sand and mud
water-saturated sand
bedrock
15
Which of the following statements is not true?
An earthquake creates more vibration amplitude in soil than in rock
An earthquake is a vibration caused by rapid release of energy
An earthquake always results in a break in the Earth's surface
An earthquake's energy is derived from the release of shear strain
16
The Mercalli Scale is a scale from ________.
1 to 10 that rates the energy released by an earthquake
I to XII that rates the structural damage due to an earthquake
I to X that rates the total energy released during and after the quake
1 to 12 that rates the energy required for faulting to occur
17
Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and halite?
varieties of dolostone
evaporites; chemical sedimentary rocks
varieties of coal and peat
detrital sedimentary rocks
18
What is the name of dark-coloured mica?
quartz
Calcite
biotite
olivine
19
Plates are sliding past one another horizontally along a ________ plate boundary.
transform
convergent
divergent
subduction
20
________ rocks form by crystallization and consolidation of molten magma.
Indigenous
Primary
Igneous
Sedimentary
21
Deep ocean trenches are surficial evidence for ________.
rifting beneath a continental plate and the beginning of continental drift
transform faulting between an oceanic plate and a continental plate
sinking of oceanic lithosphere into the mantle at subduction zones
rising of hot asthenosphere from deep in the mantle
22
Which one of the following is made of abundant pyroclastic materials?
basaltic shield volcano
composite volcano or stratovolcano
fissure-related flood basalts
rhyolite dome
23
A _______ is a near surface, intrusive, igneous rock body that results from local inflation of a horizontal sill.
laccolith
volcanic neck
dike
batholith
24
Which materials are listed in ascending order of density?
pumice, granite, iron, gold
gold, mantle rock, iron, pumice
wood, quartz, chalk, lead
salt, platinum, sandstone, cement
25
Pangaea was ________.
a super continent that formed in the Paleozoic and broke in the Triassic
a large shield area in Africa that broke in the Proterozoic Eon
a huge mountain range that formed when Africa pushed north in the Eocene
a large ocean basin that opened in the Triassic and closed in the Paleocene
26
Which platy, parallel mineral grains are the most visual aspect of foliated metamorphic rock?
feldspars
quartz
micas
carbonates
27
Which period did not end with a Mass Extinction?
permian
silurian
cretaceous
neo-archean
28
________ is the dissolution or decomposition of minerals and rocks.
Hydrolysis
Chemical weathering
Mechanical weathering
Rendering
29
Mafic rocks like basalt and gabbro ________.
make up most of the ocean floor and volcanic island chains
form mainly in continental mountain belts
are very low in their iron and magnesium contents
are major constituents of the continental crust
30
What glacial landform is responsible for a large portion of the water resources for metropolitan Toronto?
Oak Ridges moraine and its included channel fills of coarse glacial outwash
the remnants of glacial Lake Bonneville
the drumlin field near Guelph and Peterborough
blocks of buried ice mined from glacial sediments from Toronto and Muskoka
31
Rock slides are caused by...
intact blocks of rock on steep joint or bedding planes
poor quality rock or soil under heavy rainfall
overhanging rock blocks
intersecting sets of joints planes
32
A radial drainage pattern would most likely develop ________.
on an active, growing volcano
in areas underlain by horizontal strata
in areas where the bedrock is cut by sets of fractures at right angles
in areas of folded and tilted strata with varying resistances to erosion
33
________ is typically formed by metamorphism of a mature sandstone.
Marble
Slate
Quartzite
Amphibolite
34
Which of the following will react readily with acids such as hydrochloric?
diamond
quartz
calcite
talc
35
Which one of the following statements is the best description of erosion?
the combined processes of leaching, eluviation, and mass wasting
when weathered particles are removed from one area and moved elsewhere
movement of weathered rock and regolith toward the base of a slope
disintegration and decomposition of rocks and minerals at the surface
36
In general, which of the following types of magma will be more likely to erupt explosively?
a highly viscous felsic magma
a very fluid komatiitic magma
an intermediate andesitic magma with a low water content
a relatively low viscosity mafic magma
37
The Earth's core was formed from ________.
high density radioactive carbon
the left over nickel and iron that would not fit into the crust and mantle
molten iron and nickel that separated and sank due to its higher density
a massive nickel iron asteroid that the Earth condensed upon
38
Why was building damage so extensive in the 1985 Mexico City quake?
The epicentre was right in the city.
The Richter magnitude was 8.8, and the focus was only 25km from the city.
The city is built on silts and swampland that amplified the incoming waves
The steel frame buildings lacked the flexibility to withstand swaying
39
Which one of the following statements is NOT correct?
Magmas crystallize to form igneous rocks.
Sedimentary rocks may weather to igneous rocks.
Igneous rocks can undergo metamorphism
Metamorphic rocks may melt to magma.
40
________ rocks always originate at the surface of the Earth.
Sedimentary
Secondary
Metamorphic
Igneous
41
The oceanic crust is made of mafic rock called ________ and is about ________ thick on average.
basalt, 7 km
basalt, 70 km
marine sedimentary rocks, 25 km
granite, 35-40 km
42
Two joint planes in a rock cliff intersecting in a line pointing down and out of the cliff face form:
Planar Sliding Failure
Toppling Failure
Slump Failure
Wedge failure
43
A reserve is
an anomalous concentration of metallic minerals
a confirmed portion of a mineral deposit that can be extracted at a profit
a mass of minerals that can be extracted and used
an aggregate of minerals that are of value
44
What is the direct control on whether a volcano will erupt violently or quietly send out a few flows?
the composition of the magma, its temperature, and dissolved gas content
the duration of the quiet interval since its last violent eruption
the total volume of the volcano at the time of the eruption
if it is sunny or raining out
45
Which of the following minerals crystallize early in Bowen's reaction series?
quartz
Biotite
olivine
muscovite
46
Three types of groundwater contaminants are...
biological, radiogenic, stratispheric
PCB, ANCPL, DULPL
soluble, dense insoluble, light insoluble
caustic, respiratory, contact
47
The aphanitic equivalent of granite is...
basalt
Rhyolite
komatiite
andesite
48
Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock?
A mineral is an arrangement of atoms, rocks are aggregates of minerals.
A rock is an arrangement of crystals; a mineral is an aggregate of rocks.
A mineral is a structure of atoms; rocks are atoms without structure.
Rocks are solid, minerals are often liquid (at room temp)
49
The ion at the centre of a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is surrounded by ________.
4 silicons
6 oxygens
6 silicons
4 oxygens
50
Water pressure acting on a joint plane in a mass of rock
Increases the cohesion
Decreases the cohesion
Reduces the material friction coefficient
Reduces the effective normal stress acting on the solid area of joint
51
The composition of the upper mantle of Earth is thought to be...
peridotite
basalt
iron-nickel alloy
granite
52
Which of these is not an effective way to stabilize a slope failure in rock?
Mechanical stabilization
Retaining walls
Building a rock pile above the slope
Drainage of water from the slope
53
What type of environment is typified by brittle deformation?
deep burial with great confining pressure
shallow very high temperature settings as in contact metamorphism
shallow, low temperature settings with high strain rates
intermediate depths with long slow heating and gradual strain rates
54
The main direct geologic effect(s) of glaciers is (are) to ________.
warm the global climate by absorbing more solar radiation
reduce high latitude marine sedimentation by reducing biologic productivity
erode the continental landscape and to transport and deposit sediments
aise global sea level by depressing the crust
55
A stream begins at an elevation of 200m and flows a distance of 400km to the ocean. What's the average gradient?
2 m/km
2 km/m
0.5 km/in
0.5 m/km
56
What are the three types of differential stress in the Earth's lithosphere?
upwards, downwards, and sideways
confined, unconfined, and directed
compression, shear, and tension
hydrostatic, lithostatic, and vibratory
57
Name the texture that requires a magnifying glass or microscope to see individual mineral grains.
phaneritic
pegmatitic
Aphanitic
porphyritic
58
The currently accepted age of Earth isabout ________ years compared to the age of the Universe.
5.4 million
4.6 billion
13.7 billion
4.6 thousand
59
Drumlin fields contain ________.
smooth, asymmetric ridges of till formed and shaped beneath an ice sheet
mounds of outwash deposited by meltwater streams at the snout of a glacier
bowl-shaped depressions eroded largely by frost action and glacial plucking
smooth bedrock ridges shaped and polished by a glacier's erosive action
60
Draping mesh over a rock slope
Holds back water within the slope
Prevents major circular slump failure
Prevents rock blocks from moving
Catches small blocks of falling rock and redirects them into a ditch
61
The true colour of a mineral as seen in its powdered form is called its ________.
iridescence
birefringence
chatoyancy
streak
62
A thrust fault is best described as ____________.
a low-angle, reverse fault
a near vertical, strike-slip fault
a steeply inclined, oblique-slip fault
a vertical, normal fault
63
What two factors speed up rates of chemical reaction and weathering in rocks and soils?
low temperatures; very dry
warm temperatures; very moist
high temperatures; very dry
low temperatures; very moist
64
What is the drop in water surface elevation divided by the distance the water flows?
hydraulic capacity
stream discharge
hydrologic resistance
stream gradient
65
Which kind of eruptive activity is most likely to be highly explosive?
fissure eruptions feeding lava to flood basalt accumulations
lava flows from a large cinder cone complex
lava flows from a large shield volcano on an oceanic island
eruptions of big, continental margin, composite volcanoes
66
A 1 litre jar of lead pellets is melted down forms 750ml of solid lead. What was the porosity of the original jar?
3:1
500mL
0.25
33%
67
Which statement below best describes how narrow valleys form?
Stream cuts vertically, but valley sides cave in due to weathering
Streams tend to flow down abandoned mine shafts.
Stream cuts vertically along soft fault gouge.
Stream water dissolves the bedrock along a narrow swath of soluble bedrock.
68
Which one of the following minerals has the greatest hardness on the Mohs hardness scale?
topaz
gypsum
calcite
feldspar
