Equine Respiratory Tract Surgery Part 1

Which 3 of the following make up the boundaries of Viborg’s Triangle?

Sinusitis is usually characterized by ____ nasal discharge.

Nasopharyngeal cicatrix is diagnosed by ____.

Which DDSP procedure has the highest success rate?

Recurrence rates of ethmoid hematomas are _____.

A bilateral sternothyroideus myectomy is performed concurrently with laryngeal tie-forward for DDSP.

Acute cases of arytenoid chondropathy may respond to medical therapy (NSAIDs, antibiotics, throat spray).

____ are enlarged, well-capsulated masses originating from the ethmoid labyrinth.

Arytenoid chondropathy is commonly acute in nature.

Endoscopic lavage with which 3 of the following is a non-surgical treatment for guttural pouch mycosis?

Percussion of sinuses and an oral examination are part of diagnosing sinusitis.

In DDSP, the soft palate is positioned dorsally to the ______.

Treatment of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia includes rest from training for 2-4 months.

Surgical management of palatal instability involves reducing flaccidity through fibrosis.

Palatal instability is thought to be a precursor to which condition?

Subepiglottic cysts are prevalent in young TBs and SBs, and may be a remnant of which duct?

In treating RLN, a ventriculectomy _____ produce abduction of the arytenoid cartilage.

Surgical management for DDSP is only indicated in _____ horses and when conservative efforts have failed.

Pharyngeal lymphoid ____ is very common in young racehorses in training.

_____ sinusitis is typically related to dental disease.

Which type of DDSP is seen in resting horses, and secondary to underlying neuromuscular pathology?

At max exercise, minute ventilation can increase up to 20-fold.

A ____-level grading scale exists for describing pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia.

Nasopharyngeal cicatrix usually affects aged mares, and is probably caused by allergens and airway inflammation.

In a laryngeal tie-forward procedure for DDSP, the action of which muscle is replaced bilaterally?

Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy is caused by loss of myelinated axons in which nerve?

Fungal granulomas can occur almost anywhere in the URT, including guttural pouches.

Which systemic iodide must only be given orally in the treatment of fungal granulomas?

Epiglottic entrapment occurs when loose subepiglottic mucous membrane is positioned dorsally over the epiglottis.

Which type of DDSP is dynamic, and occurs in performance horses?

Tack/equipment changes will not help prevent DDSP.

Prognosis for epiglottic retroversion is _____.

Guttural pouches are Eustachian tube extensions that connect the pharynx to the _____ ear.

Which of the following is classically used for evaluating the lower airway, but is recently being used for the URT?

Epiglottic retroversion is a ____ cause of airway obstruction.

Which of the following is more commonly used for dynamic video-endoscopy of the URT?

What is the average age of onset for ethmoid hematomas?

Which 4 of the following are differential diagnoses for fungal granulomas?

The nasopharynx _____ supported directly by bone and/or cartilage.

Which 2 of the following are treatments for ethmoid hematoma?

Treatment for RLN is medical management.

Respiratory ____ and exercise intolerance are present with arytenoid chondropathy.

A horse’s nasal passages consist of dorsal, middle, ventral, and common meatuses.

Which guttural pouch surgical approach is cranial to and parallel with the wing of the atlas vertebrae?

In a tie-back procedure, a suture is placed between the ____ process of the arytenoid and cricoid cartilage.

Surgical treatment of guttural pouch mycosis involves detachment of diphtheritic membrane and artery occlusion.

Prosthetic laryngoplasty _____ recommended for treating arytenoid chondropathy.

In a laryngeal tie-forward for DDSP, sutures are placed between thyroid cartilage and which bone?

In a staphylectomy for DDSP, how much of the caudal free border of the soft palate can be resected?

Which 2 sinuses are most clinically significant for horses?

Paranasal sinus cysts are fluid-filled, thin-shelled, and lined by _____.

Which 3 of the following are approaches for surgery of the paranasal sinuses?

Which 5 of the following are diagnostic modalities for detecting sinusitis?

Laryngeal function can be graded using a 4-level scale.

Laryngeal reinnervation procedure for RLN involves transplant of which spinal nerves?

A standard myectomy for DDSP resects which 2 muscles to reduce caudal retraction of the larynx?

Prognosis for guttural pouch tympany is favorable, and may require multiple treatments.

When treating sinusitis, ____ conchal sinus involvement should be ruled out.

Airway pressures on inspiration are _____.

Guttural pouch empyema is caused by _____ materials or chondroids within the guttural pouch.

Resting video-endoscopy is able to visualize dynamic abnormalities.

Which of the following is the standard surgical procedure for treating DDSP?

______ endoscopy is required to diagnose epiglottic retroversion.

The arytenoids have _____ mobility in arytenoid chondropathy.

Which of the following antifungal medicines must be applied intralesional or topically?

Coughing after exercise is a clinical sign of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia.

Which 4 of the following are included in “throat spray” for pharyngeal conditions?

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of RLN?

What is the most common neoplasia occurring in nasal passages of horses?

The upper airway tract (URT) has ____ resistance to airflow, and is the limiting factor in exercise capacity.

Which 5 of the following are common organisms that cause fungal granulomas in horses?

Nasopharyngeal diameter is reduced by an abnormal web of tissue in what condition?

History, PE and dynamic and static endoscopy on high-speed treadmill are the gold standard for diagnosis of DDSP.

Paranasal sinus cysts are progressive in development and have a _____ prognosis once removed.

Alveolar ventilation at max exercise is insufficient, and limits oxygenation to tissues and limits performance.

Static and dynamic video-endoscopic evaluation is a cornerstone diagnostic technique for URT abnormalities.

Treatment for subepiglottic cysts is surgical.

A ventriculectomy _____ the diameter of the rima glottis, by removing mucosal lining of laryngeal ventricle.

Epiglottic entrapment is diagnosed via endoscopy and treated with ____.

A Modified Whitehouse surgical approach to the guttural pouch occurs on the _____ aspect of the larynx.

Primary sinusitis is related to respiratory disease, such as that caused by Streptococcus spp.

Prosthetic laryngoplasty is considered a salvage procedure for RLN.

Etiology of DDSP is unknown, and several factors may play a role.

Horses ____ switch to mouth breathing during intense exercise.

Bone flap surgical approaches can be used for which 2 sinuses?

Ethmoid hematomas are commonly characterized by mild, intermittent/chronic _____ epistaxis.

______ is the most common isolate causing guttural pouch mycosis.

Which 4 of the following are surgical approaches to access the guttural pouch?

Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) causes progressive neurogenic atrophy of which muscle?

_____ is commonly referred to as a “tie-back” procedure.

A(An) _____ is usually only performed following failed tie-back surgery in RLN cases.

Palatal instability can only be diagnosed via which method?

In guttural pouch tympany, the _____ acts as a one-way valve.

Airway pressures on expiration are ____.

Which 3 of the following are functional disorders of the nasopharynx?

The etiology and pathogenesis of paranasal sinus cysts are well known.

A horse has which 5 of the following sinuses?

The Llewellyn procedure is a minimally invasive ______ for correction of DDSP.

Surgical treatment of nasal neoplasia is usually _______.

Which 2 of the following describe the etiology of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia?