U2L1 W. Europe Before 1450 CE

__?__, a Renaissance period philosophy, emphasized one's secular [non-spiritual] development

According to manorialism, __?__ were the hereditary peasant (landless) laborers

Lords benefited from feudalism because they were granted land and the authority (privilege) to make laws/collect taxes

Some feudal lords challenged the power/authority of their feudal king/upper lord

Venice, an Italitan city-state, developed a trade partnership/monopoly with the Muslim merchants (& later the Ottomans)

__?__ eventually won the Crusades (captured and held Jerusalem)

The Commercial Revolution & Black Death contributed to the development of the __?__ (middle class of merchants/artisans)

A patchwork of __?__ Germanic kingdoms developed immediately after the fall of the W. Roman Empire

Feudal kings, by increasing taxes, funded centralized bureaucracies and armies to challenge lords they once depended on

According to feudalism, __?__ were armored and mounted soldiers who defended kings & lords.

According to feudalism, a __?__ were the secondary [landowning] authority

Trade between Christian merchants from Europe and Muslim merchants from W. Asia __?__ during the Crusades

Improved agricultural techniques contributed to gradual population recovery & urbanization

__?__ = medieval Europe's decentralized and localized approach to politics (kings, lords)

The increased trade/commerce contributed to the development of new financial practices/instuitions

Lords benefited from the labor of the serfs and collected [agricultural] taxes from the serfs residing on the manor

(1) Feudalism and (2) manorialism gradually developed after the fall of the Franks/Carolingian dynasty (c. 900 CE)

Flying cash (credit) allowed a merchant to deposit paper money in one location & withdraw the same amount at another

The Commercial Revolution and Renaissance transformed W. Europe during the Late Middle Ages

While the Western Roman Empire fell to __?__ warlords in 476 CE, the Eastern Roman Empire lasted another 1000 years

__?__ = Christian attempts to recapture the Iberia (Spain/Portugal) from Muslim rule

__?__ = medieval Europe's decentralized and localized approach to economics (lords and serfs)

The Crusades indirectly contributed to a period of European economic transformation known as the __?__

Sugarcane and spices from Asia were gradually reintroduced to Europeans during the Crusades

According to feudalism, __?__ were the primary [landowning] authorities

The Roman Catholic Church (pope) recruited crusaders by offering a quicker path to atonement/salvation

__?__ = Christian attempts to recapture the Holy Land from Seljuk Turks

Feudal kings benefited from feudalism because __?__ (vassals) pledged to protect the king and his personal land(s)

During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church often challenged the power of feudal kings/lords

__?__ = Germanic tribe that adopted/spread/defended Christianity after the fall of the W. Roman Empire

The Hanseatic League, an alliance between trading cities from Northern/Central Europe, actively traded w/ Muslims

Serfs benefited from manorialism because they received housing, food, protection from their lord

Members of the bourgeoisie actively rediscovered Greco-Roman art, literature, and philosophy during the Renaissance

The Black Death, an outbreak of the bubonic plague, killed approximately one-third (25+ million) of Europe’s population

Western/Latin Christendom practiced ___?___