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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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Questions
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1
Anhedonia is when a person...
has trouble getting along with people
experiences mild manic states
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has two different psychological disorders
2
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
give cookie
cookie
I eated a cookie
i wanted a cookie
3
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
the absolute refractory period
4
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
the internal state causes the facial expression
5
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
marital problems
6
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
7
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
attachment
behavioral quality
temperament
8
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
9
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
10
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
11
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
12
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
a false alarm
subliminal perception
13
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
oral
anal
latency
14
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an external attribution
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
15
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thyroid
thalamus
gonads
pituitary
16
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
cross-sectional
time of testing
sequential
longitundinal
17
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
mood
anxiety
schizophrenic
personality
18
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
fugue
conversion disorder
19
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
median
midpoint
mode
mean
20
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
preconventional
conventional
concrete
postconventional
21
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
REM
stage 4
stage 2
stage 1
22
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
secure-avoidant
shared inhibition
strange situation
23
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
correlation coefficients
percentiles
standard deviation
24
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the autonomic nervous system
feeding
memory
the endocrine system
25
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
repression
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
26
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
groupthink
conformity
obedience
cognitive dissonance
27
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
insomnia
28
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
attributionism
individualism
functionalism
collectivism
29
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
state-dependent learning
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
30
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
marijuana
heroin
mescaline
31
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
reticular formation
limbic system
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
32
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
poor police protection
crowded living conditions
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
33
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
modeled
encoded
retrieved
34
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the experimental group
the control group
the observational group
35
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
36
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia
sciatic receptors
37
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
maladaptive behaviors
the conscious
38
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
intermediate-term
long-term
short-term
39
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
fear the dark
sing a song
tie shoe laces
print letters
40
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
41
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
hallucinations
reduction of inhibitions
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
42
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
functionalism
behaviorism
neodynamism
43
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
44
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the moral component of personality
the conscious aspect of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
45
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
intelligence
cognition
introspection
mentalism
46
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scales
test levels
test norms
test scores
47
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
an unconditioned response
escape learning
avoidance learning
positive reinforcement
48
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
49
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
an obsession
a delusion
a compulsion
a phobia
50
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
51
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
spatial
musical
logical-mathemathical
mechanical
52
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
gender roles
gender differences
53
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
54
A perceptual set implies that...
people often see what they expect to see
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
55
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
56
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
intelligence
reasoning
insight
creativity
57
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
attention
processing
perception
58
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the unconscious
conscious experience
the brain
behavior
59
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
pathogens
teratogens
opiates
prenatals
60
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
61
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
are using the representativeness heuristic
62
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
a variety of environmental factors
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
group differences in basic intelligence
63
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
unrealistic demands from family/friends
64
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
centration
reversibility
conservation
65
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
predictive validity
content validity
66
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
temporal lobe
oval window
cochlea
stirrup
67
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in agreeableness
low in extraversion
low in openness
high in neuroticism
68
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
electrographic tomography
69
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
observational learning
operant conditioning
punishment
70
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a social psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a developmental psychologist
71
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
aggressiveness
manipulative behavior
social charm
72
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
reticular formation
brainstem
cerebellum
limbic system
73
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
thalamus
pineal gland
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
74
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
saturation
brightness
light purity
75
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
neurotransmitters
agonists
antagonists
action potentials
76
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
display rules
the reciprocity norm
the principle of collectivism
the law of cognitive dissonance
77
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
pressure
change
frustration
conflict
78
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not really been asleep
a headache
not been dreaming
been dreaming
79
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
problem-solving theory
activation-synthesis theory
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
80
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
hallucinations
illusions
delusions
obsessions
81
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
avoidance therapy
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
psychotherapy
82
A valid test is one that...
has been standardized but not normed
is consistent
is reliable
measures what it is supposed to measure
83
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
incentive theory
instinct theory
evolutionary theory
drive theory
84
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were put into a simulated prison
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
85
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
dissociative
bipolar
unipolar
86
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
compensation
fixation
displacement
regression
87
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
the gambler's fallacy
the conjunction fallacy
88
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
a personality test
an intelligence test
an achievement test
an aptitude test
89
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological instability
physiological stability
physiological instability
psychological stability
90
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
consciousness
sensation
perception
91
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
pitch
decibels
timbre
loudness
92
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
William James
Rene Decartes
G. Stanley Hall
Wilhelm Wundt
93
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
id mechanisms
coping mechanisms
defense mechanisms
offense mechanisms
94
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
location of injury
cortex
spinal cord
95
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
autonomic nerves
sympathetic nerves
96
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
97
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
conformity
deindividuation
group polarization
social loafing
98
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
systematic hypothesis testing
abstract operations
logical reasoning
physical interaction
99
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
100
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
observational learning
reinforcement
operant conditioning
101
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring dissent from group members
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
102
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
insight learning
latent learning
103
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
representativeness
consistency
predictability
accuracy of inference
104
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the cephalopedal trend
the proximodistal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
105
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a self-report inventory
a behavior rating
a deceptive test
a projective test
106
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
surprise
happiness
fear
107
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
social scripts
parental investments
display rules
investment differentiations
108
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
109
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
beta
delta
alpha
gamma
110
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
medulla
cerebral cortex
111
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
tumor ligation
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
lesioning
112
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
fear reaction
rat
loud noise
rabbit
113
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
physiological recordings
direct observation
questionnaires
psychological tests
114
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
overextension
semantic slanting
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
115
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
morphemes
syntax
116
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
spontaneous remission
extinction
unconditioning
conditioned forgetting
117
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
alcohol
narcotics
sedatives
118
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
observational learning
119
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
sensory memory
subliminal threshold
120
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
attributions
stereotypes
self-serving bias
prejudices
121
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
absolute
construct
criterion-related
content
122
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
procedural
episodic
crystallized
fluid
123
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
episodic memories
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
124
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
chunk
semantic network
schema
125
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
platonic
morphemic
phonemic
126
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
step-wise conditioning
selection
shaping
stimulus discrimination
127
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
medulla
prefrontal cortex
occipital cortex
hypothalamus
128
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
light
food/meat powder
tone
129
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
representativeness heuristic
130
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
tree-bird
car-nose
fill-feed
131
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
an amphetamine
a narcotic
a sedative
a hallucinogen
132
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
cultural direction
stereotypes
cognitive structuring
133
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
iris
cornea
vitreous humor
lens
134
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
attitude is to action
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
135
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
closure
symmetry
constancy
136
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a potential score
IQ
mental age
a percentile score
137
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous wakefulness
become aggressive
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous sleep
138
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
humanistic
cognitive
behavioral
psychoanalytic
139
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
cultural practices
exposure to light
140
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
141
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
personality; standardized
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
142
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
reiteration
recall
relearning
recognition
143
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
144
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
serotonin
dopamine
endorphin
acetylcholine
145
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
before autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
146
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial storage
complete storage failure
complete retrieval failure
partial retrieval
147
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
demonstrates an illusory correlation
148
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
top-down processing
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
149
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-walking
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
150
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
