how alternatives in a decision problem are presented

A valid test is one that...

measures what it is supposed to measure

The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..

the personal qualities of the residents

You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which

demonstrates an illusory correlation

When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..

are using the availability heuristic

A perceptual set implies that...

people often see what they expect to see

When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...

an avoidance-avoidance conflict

Negative reinforcement involves...

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review

150 termsStudBud Administration174 plays

A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 150

Answers

1
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
2
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
loudness
pitch
timbre
3
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
classical conditioning
positive reinforcement
observational learning
superstitious behavior
4
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
has been standardized but not normed
is consistent
measures what it is supposed to measure
5
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
reticular formation
limbic system
cerebellum
brainstem
6
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
crowded living conditions
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
poor police protection
7
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
moving a part of his body
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
hearing a sound
8
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
mnemonic
platonic
phonemic
9
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
a heuristic observation
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
10
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
feeling is to thinking
thought is to perception
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
11
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves
efferent nerves
12
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
marijuana
heroin
mescaline
13
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
cochlea
oval window
temporal lobe
14
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological instability
psychological stability
psychological instability
physiological stability
15
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
rabbit
fear reaction
rat
16
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
retroactive interference
17
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
reinforcement
classical conditioning
observational learning
18
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
unconditioning
conditioned forgetting
extinction
spontaneous remission
19
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
20
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a social psychologist
21
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in agreeableness
low in openness
low in extraversion
high in neuroticism
22
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
23
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
median
mean
midpoint
mode
24
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
beta
delta
alpha
gamma
25
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
illusions
hallucinations
delusions
obsessions
26
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
amount of time awake
exposure to light
27
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
postconventional
concrete
conventional
preconventional
28
A perceptual set implies that...
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
people often see what they expect to see
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
29
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
initiative vs. guilt
trust vs. mistrust
industry vs. inferiority
30
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
an amphetamine
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
a sedative
31
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an aptitude test
an achievement test
an intelligence test
a personality test
32
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
serotonin
dopamine
acetylcholine
endorphin
33
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
pituitary
thyroid
gonads
34
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
shaping
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
selection
35
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
limbic system
endocrine system
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
36
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
37
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
operant conditioning
observational learning
38
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
deindividuation
group polarization
social loafing
conformity
39
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
hallucinations
reduction of inhibitions
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
40
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
standardized validity
content validity
criterion-related validity
41
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
parental investments
social scripts
investment differentiations
display rules
42
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; personality
personality; standardized
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
43
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
44
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a deceptive test
a projective test
a self-report inventory
a behavior rating
45
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
sedatives
alcohol
narcotics
46
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
functionalism
psychoanalysis
neodynamism
behaviorism
47
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
syntax
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
48
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
punishment
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
49
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
50
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
51
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
neurogenic amnesia
repression
avoidance
suppression
52
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
sensation
consciousness
perception
hypnosis
53
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
post-conventional moral reasoning
development of secondary sex characteristics
54
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
direct observation
questionnaires
psychological tests
physiological recordings
55
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
56
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
57
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
car-nose
boat-goat
fill-feed
tree-bird
58
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
a false alarm
59
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
regression
fixation
compensation
displacement
60
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
thalamus
pineal gland
corpus callosum
61
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
medulla
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
62
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
print letters
sing a song
fear the dark
63
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
latency
anal
oral
64
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
partial retrieval
complete storage failure
65
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
66
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
67
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
68
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
69
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
cookie
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
I eated a cookie
70
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
the absolute refractory period
transduction capacity
the relative threshold period
71
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
short-term
long-term
sensory
72
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
73
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
stereotypes
prejudices
self-serving bias
attributions
74
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
basis for performing pro-social behavior
halo effect in aggression
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
75
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 2
REM
stage 1
stage 4
76
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
percentiles
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
77
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
manipulative behavior
aggressiveness
social charm
excessive guilt
78
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
conflict
change
pressure
79
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
electrographic tomography
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
computerized tomography
80
What is cognitive dissonance?
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
81
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
conservation
reversibility
egocentrism
centration
82
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
classical conditioning
insight learning
latent learning
operant conditioning
83
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
84
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
attention
processing
perception
85
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
brightness
light purity
saturation
86
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
crystallized
procedural
fluid
episodic
87
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the observational group
the experimental group
the control group
the correlational group
88
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
personality
schizophrenic
anxiety
mood
89
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
surprise
sadness
fear
happiness
90
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
mental age
a potential score
a percentile score
IQ
91
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
defense mechanisms
offense mechanisms
id mechanisms
92
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recognition
recall
relearning
reiteration
93
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Sperry's area
Broca's area
Cannon's area
Wernicke's area
94
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a delusion
an obsession
a phobia
a compulsion
95
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
become aggressive
remain in continuous sleep
96
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
lateral processing
top-down processing
97
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
occipital cortex
medulla
hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex
98
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
neurotransmitters
agonists
antagonists
action potentials
99
The superego is Freud's term for...
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
the moral component of personality
100
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
iris
vitreous humor
lens
cornea
101
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
secure-avoidant
strange situation
shared inhibition
102
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
dissociative
bipolar
unipolar
103
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
conscious experience
the unconscious
the brain
104
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scores
test scales
test norms
test levels
105
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
predictability
accuracy of inference
consistency
representativeness
106
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not really been asleep
a headache
been dreaming
not been dreaming
107
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
schematizing
cultural direction
108
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
conformity
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
109
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
maladaptive behaviors
irrational thoughts
the unconscious
110
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
spatial
musical
logical-mathemathical
111
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
112
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
cortex
thalamus
location of injury
113
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
criterion-related
absolute
content
114
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
G. Stanley Hall
115
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
116
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
physical interaction
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
abstract operations
117
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
118
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold information for a lifetime
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
119
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
food/meat powder
salivation
light
tone
120
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
humanistic
psychoanalytic
behavioral
cognitive
121
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
aversion therapy
avoidance therapy
systematic desensitization
122
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
123
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
ablated
encoded
modeled
124
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
125
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
lesioning
tumor ligation
126
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
censoring dissent from group members
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
127
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
the cephalopedal trend
the proximodistal trend
128
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the autonomic nervous system
memory
feeding
the endocrine system
129
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
pathogens
teratogens
prenatals
130
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
incentive theory
instinct theory
evolutionary theory
131
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
a variety of environmental factors
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
132
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
conversion disorder
fugue
bipolar disorder
133
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
smell buds
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
134
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
marital problems
135
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
closure
constancy
similiarity
symmetry
136
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
overextension
fast-mapping
semantic slanting
metalinguistic awareness
137
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
reasoning
creativity
intelligence
138
An antagonist...
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
139
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
semantic network
script
chunk
schema
140
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
collectivism
individualism
functionalism
attributionism
141
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
display rules
the law of cognitive dissonance
the reciprocity norm
the principle of collectivism
142
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender roles
gender behaviors
gender differences
143
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
longitundinal
time of testing
cross-sectional
144
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
thyroid gland
sebaceous gland
pancreas
pituitary gland
145
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-walking
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
146
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
intelligence
introspection
cognition
147
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
activation-synthesis theory
148
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
temperament
attachment
behavioral quality
149
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
150
Anhedonia is when a person...
has trouble getting along with people
experiences mild manic states
has two different psychological disorders
has difficulty experiencing pleasure

AP Psychology - AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud