U2L1 W. Europe Before 1450 CE

Kings benefited from feudalism because their most valuable land was protected by lords/knights

According to feudalism, __?__ were armored and mounted soldiers

The pope recruited crusaders by offering absolution at the conclusion of military service (or death)

Christian attempts to recapture the Holy Land from Seljuk Turks

Western/Latin Christendom practiced ____?____

The Commercial Revolution and Renaissance transformed W. Europe during the Late Middle Ages

According to feudalism, __?__ were the primary landowning authorities

Humanism, a Renaissance period philosophy, emphasized one's secular [non-spiritual] development

Lords benefited from feudalism because they were granted privileges (collect tribute/taxes) due to the service/loyalty

Trade between Christian merchants from Europe and Muslim merchants from W. Asia decreased during the Crusades

The Black Death, an outbreak of the bubonic plague, killed approximately one-third (33%) of Europe’s population

According to manorialism, __?__ were the contractual peasant laborers

Christians eventually won the Crusades (captured and held Jerusalem)

Serfs benefited from manorialism because they received housing, food, protection from their lord

According to feudalism, __?__ were the secondary landowning authority

During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church challenged the power of feudal kings/lords

The Normans invaded/governed England beginning in 1066 CE.

Lords benefited from manorialism because they received tribute/taxes from their serfs

Italian merchants rediscovered Greco-Roman art, literature, and philosophy during the Commercial Revolution

English lords/nobles gradually challenged their Norman king(s) - leading to the Magna Carta and Parliament

Feudal lords often challenged the power/authority of their king(s)

Medieval Europe's decentralized and localized approach to economics (lords and serfs)

Kings, by increasing taxes, funded centralized bureaucracies and royal armies to challenge lords they once depended on

Medieval Europe's decentralized and localized approach to politics (kings, lords)

Improved agricultural techniques contributed to gradual population growth and urbanization

The Crusades indirectly contributed to a period of European economic transformation known as the Commercial Revolution

Sugarcane and spices from Asia were gradually reintroduced to Europeans during the Crusades

Christian attempts to recapture the Iberia (Spain/Portugal) from Muslim rule

__?_ = descendants of Scandinavian warrior-merchants (vikings) who conquered/governed NW France

The Normans were also active in the Mediterranean (Sicily) & the Crusades.

A patchwork of pre-Christian Germanic kingdoms that developed after the fall of the W. Roman Empire

While the Eastern Roman Empire fell to Germanic warlords in 476 CE, the Western Roman Empire lasted another 1000 years