*Descartes theory of how our brain controlled our reflexes involved which of the following?

brain fluid and “animal spirits”

junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron.

Long-term potentiation refers to

an increase in a neuron's firing potential.

*A correlation coefficient is a measure of the...

direction and strength of the relationship between two variables.

Reuptake refers to the...

reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron.

A Skinner box is a(n)

a chamber with a bar/key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward.

An experimenter conditions a dog to salivate to a light by pairing it food. The dog will learn more quickly if the light

is presented a half-second before the food.

*Which of the following best describes the view of the mind held by Plato and Socrates?

The mind is separate from the body and continues after the body dies.

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AP Psychology M1 Exam Review

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Some review questions for the AP Psychology M1 exam.

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Questions 99

Answers

1
Information played during sleep is registered by the ears but not remembered. This illustrates that retention requires
priming.
effortful processing.
proactive interference.
state-dependent memory.
2
The minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time is called the
subliminal threshold.
arousal level
absolute threshold.
adaptation threshold.
3
*Which philosopher is most well known for theorizing that the mind at birth is tabula rasa or a “blank slate”?
John Locke
Immanuel Kant
Aristotle
René Descartes
4
The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the _____
misinformation
priming
serial position
mnemonic
5
Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
GABA
dopamine
endorphins
6
*A specification of how a researcher measures a research variable is known as a(n)
operational definition.
standard deviation.
control condition.
observation.
7
Sleep researchers who are interested in brain wave activity are likely to use which kind of brain scan?
EEG
PET
MRI
fMRI
8
*Franz Gall's theory that bumps on the skull reveal a person's abilities and traits is called
molecular biology.
behavior genetics.
phrenology.
evolutionary psychology.
9
By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of
spontaneous recovery
operant conditioning.
observational learning.
classical conditioning.
10
*Humanistic psychologists focused on the importance of
unconscious thoughts.
healthy growth potential.
childhood memories.
genetic predispositions.
11
*Descartes theory of how our brain controlled our reflexes involved which of the following?
brain fluid and “animal spirits”
innate knowledge and experimental data
blank slate and empiricism
astrology and tabula rasa
12
Which of the following structures in the brainstem helps coordinate movements and lies above the medulla?
hippocampus
hypothalamus
pons
reticular formation
13
A synapse is a(n)
junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron.
automatic response to sensory input.
chemical messenger that triggers muscle contractions.
neural cable containing many axons.
14
Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ________; matching concepts with their definitions measures ________.
recall; recognition
recognition; rehearsal
recognition; relearning
recall; relearning
15
Which of the following are located exclusively within the brain and spinal cord?
interneurons
motor neurons
myelin sheath
sensory neurons
16
If Professor Kosiba lesions the amygdala of a laboratory rat, the rat will most likely become
hungry.
sentient
sexually aroused.
less aggressive
17
Your ability to immediately recognize the voice over the phone as your mother's illustrates the value of
acoustic encoding.
the spacing effect.
implicit memory.
state-dependent memory.
18
Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?
Sigmund Freud
Carl Rogers
Ivan Pavlov
John B. Watson
19
*The first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology after Harvard University declined to give Mary Calkins the Ph.D.?
Francis Bacon
Jean Piaget
Rosalie Rayner
Margaret Washburn
20
Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory.
long-term memory
sensory memory
semantic memory
repressed memory
21
Long-term potentiation refers to
an increase in a neuron's firing potential.
the impact of overlearning on retention.
an automatic tendency to recall emotionally significant events.
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
22
*A correlation coefficient is a measure of the...
difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
direction and strength of the relationship between two variables.
average squared deviation of scores from a sample mean.
frequency of scores at each level of some measure.
23
*This psychologist was the 1st woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology after Harvard declined to give Mary Calkins a Ph.D
Margaret Washburn
Jean Piaget
Francis Bacon
Rosalie Rayner
24
The master gland of the endocrine system is the
thyroid gland.
pituitary gland.
adrenal gland.
hypothalamus.
25
Recalling the pleasurable high points of an experience while forgetting its more mundane moments helps explain
implicit memory.
source amnesia.
rosy retrospection.
the self-reference effect.
26
John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n)
cognitive psychologist.
physiological psychologist.
behaviorist.
operant conditioner.
27
*The early school of psychology known as functionalism was developed by
William James.
René Descartes.
Sigmund Freud.
John B. Watson.
28
________ are receptor cells that enable us to distinguish color where as _______ help us in low-light conditions.
feature detectors & nonfeature detectors
bipolar cells & cones
cones & rods
visual cells & chromatic
29
Learning that certain events occur together is called
conditioned reinforcement.
shaping.
observational learning.
associative learning.
30
Molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to receptor sites on a dendrite & mimic its effects
action potentials
endocrines
endorphins
agonists
31
Reuptake refers to the...
reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron.
release of hormones into the bloodstream.
movement of neurotransmitter molecules across a synaptic gap.
the ending of the refractory period.
32
A Skinner box is a(n)
“slot machine” used to study reinforcement on human gambling practices.
a chamber with a bar/key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward.
soundproofed cubicle where organisms are conditioned without distraction
aversive/punishing event that decreases certain undesirable behaviors.
33
The ability to simultaneously recognize the color, shape, size, and speed of an oncoming automobile best illustrates
subliminal perception.
kinesthesis.
parallel processing.
blindsight.
34
An experimenter conditions a dog to salivate to a light by pairing it food. The dog will learn more quickly if the light
is presented a half-second before the food.
is presented five seconds before the food.
is presented five seconds after the food.
is presented at precisely the same time as the food.
35
The medulla is to the control of ________ as the cerebellum is to the control of ________.
breathing; walking
emotion; motivation
eating; sleeping
hearing; seeing
36
*Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology?
William James
Sigmund Freud
John B. Watson
Mary Calkins
37
In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?
operant conditioning
latent learning
observational learning
insight
38
*Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?
biological
behavioral
humanistic
psychodynamic
39
To identify specific brain areas most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely use a
hemispherectomy.
brain lesion.
functional MRI (fMRI)
ACh agonist.
40
*Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of events?
correlation coefficient
standard deviation
median
mean
41
*Psychologist most likely to ignore mental processes & define psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior
Jean Piaget
Wilhelm Wundt
John B. Watson
Edward Titchener
42
*The unreliability of introspection contributed to the waning popularity of
behaviorism
structuralism.
empiricism.
psychiatry.
43
To teach n animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers r most likely to use a procedure known as
shaping.
generalization.
latent learning.
delayed reinforcement.
44
The parietal lobes are to ________ as the occipital lobes are to ________.
tasting; smelling
speaking; seeing
sensing touch; seeing
sensing pleasure; sensing pain
45
*Which of the following best describes the view of the mind held by Plato and Socrates?
The mind is separate from the body and continues after the body dies.
The mind is an illusion produced by the brain.
The mind is made up of knowledge that is a result of our experiences.
The mind should be studied through careful, empirical observations.
46
The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called
spontaneous recovery.
generalization.
latent learning.
secondary reinforcement.
47
The process of getting information into memory is called
chunking.
encoding.
registering
priming.
48
The ability to pay attention to only one voice at a time is called
sensory interaction.
gestalt.
the cocktail party effect.
frequency.
49
After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle.
discrimination.
shaping.
spontaneous recovery.
conditioned reinforcement.
50
The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the...
reflex
refractory period.
threshold.
synapse.
51
Relative success in recalling various items one day after you first heard them listed in order is likely to illustrate
a primacy effect.
the relearning effect.
implicit memory.
iconic memory.
52
An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n)
conditioned stimulus.
unconditioned stimulus.
discrimination.
reinforcer.
53
The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n)
synaptic vesicle.
sympathetic nerve.
myelin sheath.
pituitary gland.
54
We can encode many sensory experiences simultaneously, some automatically, because of which property of the brain?
long-term potentiation
explicit memory
serial position effect
parallel processing
55
*Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology?
Mary Calkins
Sigmund Freud
William James
John B. Watson
56
Why is Wilhelm Wundt often considered the first scientific psychological researcher?
He gathered data through experiments in his lab.
He analyzed data from his studies using inferential statistics
His attention to genetic causes was ahead of his time.
He treated patients w mental illness using a med. model for the 1st time.
57
The law of effect refers to the tendency to
learn associations between consecutive stimuli.
learn in the absence of reinforcement.
repeat behaviors that are rewarded.
enhance conditioning using strict responses.
58
The strengthening of synaptic connections facilitates the formation of...
endorphins.
glial cells.
neural networks.
lesions.
59
*Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the
inward immediate sensations, feelings, and impulses.
treatment of psychological disorders.
disruptive effects of unconscious motives.
adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions.
60
*Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?
Ivan Pavlov
Sigmund Freud
John B. Watson
Carl Rogers
61
Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
getting money as a reward
sweating in hot weather
clapping after a thrilling concert performance
playing jump rope
62
Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory?
Loftus
Ebbinghaus
Freud
Pavlov
63
Research found 40% of people focused on repeating a list of difficult words didn't notice changes in the person speaking
feature detectors.
priming.
the blind spot.
change deafness.
64
Motor neurons are an important part of the...
reticular formation.
brainstem.
limbic system.
peripheral nervous system.
65
Humans experience the longest visible electromagnetic waves as
the color blue-violet and the shortest visible waves as red.
the color red and the shortest visible waves as blue-violet.
the color red and the shortest visible waves as green.
the color black and the shortest visible waves as white.
66
Memory is best defined as
stored knowledge that has been semantically encoded.
recalling and retrieving information stored in the cerebral cortex.
the conscious encoding of information.
the persistence of learning through the storage & retrieval of information
67
Photographs of people rated more positively if the photos followed a briefly flashed image of kittens. This illustrates?
retinal disparity.
prosopagnosia.
priming.
interposition.
68
Iconic memory refers to
the visually encoded images in long-term memory.
important events often encoded through flashbulb memory.
photographic, picture-image memory that lasts only a few 1/10s of seconds
the encoded meanings of words and events in short-term memory.
69
A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the...
synapse.
agonist.
refractory period.
action potential.
70
Cocking your head would be most useful for detecting the ______ of a sound.
intensity
location
amplitude
pitch
71
A research method often used to examine one participant in depth because the individual's situation/behavior is unique?
scientific method
correlation
case study
survey
72
An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to
schizophrenia.
euphoria.
depression.
Alzheimer's disease
73
*Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzees in the jungle are using a research method known as
naturalistic observation.
experimentation.
the survey.
random sampling
74
Chunking refers to...
the unconscious encoding of incidental information.
getting information into memory through the use of visual imagery.
the tendency to recall best the first item in a list.
the organization of information into meaningful units.
75
The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to be perceived is known as
the opponent-process theory.
feature detection.
Weber's law.
sensory interaction.
76
Which of the following describes evidence for the brain's dual-processing ability?
The right occipital lobe perceives stimuli from our left visual field.
Brainstem keeps our heart beating/ the cortex maintains external awareness
The cerebral cortex is divided into two sets of lobes on each hemisphere.
The corpus callosum allows impulses to travel between the two hemispheres.
77
An undersupply of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter known as ________ is linked to seizures.
acetylcholine
GABA
endorphins
dopamine
78
The effect of prior experience and current expectations on perception best illustrates the importance of
transduction.
sensory thresholds.
accommodation.
top-down processing.
79
You typically fail to consciously perceive that your own nose is in your line of vision. This best illustrates
subliminal perception.
selective attention.
fovea.
the visual cliff.
80
Which brain area is primarily involved with controlling speech?
angular gyrus
Broca's area
hypothalamus
sensory cortex
81
Which of the following is the correct order of structures light passes through in the eye?
lens, cornea, pupil, retina, iris
pupil, cornea, retina, lens, optic nerve
cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina
retina, lens, cornea, rods, cones
82
Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called
repressed memories.
sensory memories.
flashbulb memories.
semantic memories.
83
*Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?
Rosalie Rayner
Francis Bacon
Mary Calkins
Jean Piaget
84
*A researcher investigating the attitudes/opinions of a large sample of people is likely to use which research method?
correlation
naturalistic observation
experiment
survey
85
*Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?
Rosalie Rayner
Francis Bacon
Mary Calkins
Jean Piaget
86
*The function of dendrites is to...
release neurotransmitters into the spatial junctions between neurons.
control pain through the release of opiate-like chemicals into the brain.
coordinate activation of the parasympathetic & sympathetic nervous systems.
receive incoming signals from other neurons.
87
The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was...
John Garcia.
B. F. Skinner.
John B. Watson.
Albert Bandura.
88
*In an experiment studying the effectiveness of a new drug, participants who receive a placebo are participating in the?
control
experimental
replication
correlational
89
The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to...
overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions.
assume that correlation proves causation.
exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events.
dismiss the value of replication.
90
In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the ____________ of a single neuron.
dendrites to the cell body to the axon
dendrites to the axon to the cell body
axon to the dendrites to the cell body
axon to the cell body to the dendrites
91
*Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of...
conscious and unconscious mental activity.
behavior and mental processes.
observable responses to the environment.
maladaptive and adaptive behaviors.
92
When the release of ACh is blocked, the result is
depression.
schizophrenia.
muscular paralysis.
aggression.
93
A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)
unconditioned stimulus.
conditioned response.
neutral stimulus.
conditioned stimulus.
94
Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks
experienced extinction.
underwent spontaneous recovery.
developed a conditioned reinforcer.
developed learned helplessness.
95
*The first psychological laboratory was established by
William James.
Wilhelm Wundt.
Jean Piaget.
Sigmund Freud.
96
Alzheimer's disease is most closely linked to the deterioration of neurons that produce
endorphins
GABA
acetylcholine
dopamine
97
Which component of the limbic system plays an essential role in the processing of new memories?
Brain stem
cerebellum
hippocampus
hypothalamus
98
Simply thinking about a move, which activates brain cells, people may be able to move a robotic arm. This illustrates...
neurogenesis
hemispheric specialization.
constraint-induced therapy
neural prosthetics.
99
Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)
conditioned stimulus.
positive punishment.
unconditioned stimulus
negative reinforcer.

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