What is cognitive dissonance?

a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions

If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...

the other boy started it and he was defending himself

You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which

demonstrates an illusory correlation

how alternatives in a decision problem are presented

A perceptual set implies that...

people often see what they expect to see

Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...

assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect

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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review

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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 150

Answers

1
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
marital problems
schizophrenia
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
2
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
tree-bird
car-nose
fill-feed
3
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
cognition
mentalism
introspection
intelligence
4
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
repression
suppression
5
What is cognitive dissonance?
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
6
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
7
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
attachment probing
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
8
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
absolute threshold
sensory memory
9
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
cognitive
behavioral
psychoanalytic
humanistic
10
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
not really been asleep
a headache
not been dreaming
11
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he's just like his father
12
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
fluid
episodic
crystallized
procedural
13
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
14
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a heuristic observation
a self-serving attribution
a contravened stereotype
15
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
remain in continuous sleep
remain in continuous wakefulness
16
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
midpoint
mode
mean
median
17
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
a deceptive test
18
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
psychological tests
questionnaires
direct observation
physiological recordings
19
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
sensation
perception
hypnosis
20
Framing refers to...
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
21
A perceptual set implies that...
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
22
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
stereotypes
self-serving bias
attributions
23
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
representativeness
consistency
predictability
accuracy of inference
24
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 1
REM
stage 2
stage 4
25
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
encoded
ablated
modeled
26
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
medulla
hypothalamus
occipital cortex
prefrontal cortex
27
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Broca's area
Cannon's area
Wernicke's area
Sperry's area
28
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
parental investments
social scripts
display rules
investment differentiations
29
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
time of testing
cross-sectional
longitundinal
30
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
irrational thoughts
the unconscious
maladaptive behaviors
the conscious
31
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
individualism
collectivism
functionalism
attributionism
32
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
fear
surprise
happiness
33
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
Rene Decartes
G. Stanley Hall
William James
34
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
superstitious behavior
observational learning
classical conditioning
35
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
loud noise
fear reaction
rat
36
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a potential score
IQ
a percentile score
mental age
37
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
schematizing
cultural direction
stereotypes
38
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the brain
behavior
conscious experience
the unconscious
39
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
sensation
perception
attention
40
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
latency
oral
genital
anal
41
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
preconventional
postconventional
conventional
concrete
42
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a false alarm
a just noticeable difference
a superimposed stimulus
43
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
intelligence
insight
creativity
reasoning
44
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
recognition
recall
reiteration
45
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
tumor ligation
lesioning
46
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
sing a song
print letters
47
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
exposure to light
48
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
display rules
the law of cognitive dissonance
the reciprocity norm
the principle of collectivism
49
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
fast-mapping
semantic slanting
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
50
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
basis for performing pro-social behavior
halo effect in aggression
51
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
52
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
53
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
intelligence; personality
intelligence; standardized
54
An antagonist...
extends the absolute refractory period
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
55
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
formal operations
post-conventional moral reasoning
development of secondary sex characteristics
56
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
brainstem
limbic system
reticular formation
cerebellum
57
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
state-dependent learning
operant conditioning
observational learning
classical conditioning
58
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
short-term
long-term
sensory
59
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
conversion disorder
fugue
60
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
aggressiveness
social charm
61
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were put into a simulated prison
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
62
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the availability heuristic
use a holistic decision model
are using the representativeness heuristic
63
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete storage failure
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
partial retrieval
64
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
oval window
stirrup
temporal lobe
cochlea
65
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
closure
symmetry
constancy
similiarity
66
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
feeling is to thinking
thought is to perception
67
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
68
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an intelligence test
a personality test
an aptitude test
69
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
operant conditioning
insight learning
classical conditioning
70
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
71
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
phonemic
platonic
mnemonic
72
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
beta
delta
gamma
alpha
73
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
74
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
food/meat powder
light
salivation
75
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
76
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
an amphetamine
a sedative
a hallucinogen
a narcotic
77
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
escape learning
an unconditioned response
positive reinforcement
78
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
dissociative
unipolar
bipolar
79
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
trust vs. mistrust
industry vs. inferiority
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
initiative vs. guilt
80
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
unrealistic demands from family/friends
81
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
magnetic resonance imaging
electrographic tomography
computerized tomography
positron emission tomography
82
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
83
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
absolute
criterion-related
construct
content
84
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the observational group
the correlational group
the control group
85
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender behaviors
gender roles
gender stereotypes
86
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
low in extraversion
low in openness
87
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
content validity
standardized validity
predictive validity
criterion-related validity
88
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
step-wise conditioning
shaping
stimulus discrimination
89
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
dopamine
acetylcholine
serotonin
endorphin
90
The function of sensory memory is to...
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
91
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
sympathetic nerves
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
autonomic nerves
92
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
cortex
thalamus
location of injury
93
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
gustatory bulbs
smell buds
olfactory cilia
94
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
an obsession
a delusion
a phobia
95
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
medulla
96
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
conformity
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
obedience
97
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
temperament
behavioral quality
personality
98
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the autonomic nervous system
feeding
memory
the endocrine system
99
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pancreas
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
100
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
i wanted a cookie
cookie
give cookie
101
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
overestimating the improbable
102
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
saturation
color
brightness
light purity
103
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
physical interaction
abstract operations
104
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
schema
semantic network
chunk
105
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
genetic influences on IQ
a variety of environmental factors
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
106
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
107
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
iris
vitreous humor
cornea
lens
108
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
representativeness heuristic
109
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
lateral processing
110
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
instinct theory
111
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
the semantic level of encoding
112
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
pathogens
opiates
prenatals
113
Anhedonia is when a person...
has two different psychological disorders
has trouble getting along with people
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
experiences mild manic states
114
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
operant conditioning
observational learning
punishment
classical conditioning
115
According to the medical model...
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
116
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
mood
anxiety
personality
117
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
percentiles
means
standard deviation
correlation coefficients
118
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
leftbrain/right brain communication
reticular formation
limbic system
119
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
hallucinations
delusions
obsessions
illusions
120
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
decibels
loudness
pitch
121
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
transduction incapacity
the absolute refractory period
122
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
123
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
124
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
125
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
thyroid
gonads
pituitary
126
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
127
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
physiological stability
psychological instability
physiological instability
128
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
job discrimination experienced by the residents
the personal qualities of the residents
poor police protection
crowded living conditions
129
What is somnambulism?
sleep-walking
difficulty remaining asleep
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
130
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
alcohol
sedatives
narcotics
131
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
pressure
conflict
frustration
change
132
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test norms
test levels
test scales
test scores
133
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
regression
fixation
compensation
displacement
134
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
functionalism
135
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
136
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
musical
logical-mathemathical
spatial
137
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
reinforcement
observational learning
classical conditioning
138
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
139
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
neurotransmitters
antagonists
agonists
action potentials
140
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
activation-synthesis theory
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
141
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
thalamus
parietal lobe
pineal gland
corpus callosum
142
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
143
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the proximodistal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
the cephalopedal trend
encephalitis
144
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
has been standardized but not normed
is consistent
measures what it is supposed to measure
145
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
146
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
heroin
marijuana
mescaline
cocaine
147
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
group polarization
conformity
deindividuation
148
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
moving a part of his body
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
149
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
conservation
centration
egocentrism
reversibility
150
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
morphemes
syntax

Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud