Which of the following is another reason why schistocytes may occur? (2 answers)

fibrin strands in the blood vessels, heartworms

Which of the following lists describes the magnitude of the bone marrow response in order from strongest to undetectable

Dogs > cats > ruminants > horses

What type of anemia is indicated by spherocytes?

immune mediated hemolytic anemia

How do we define accuracy?

How close the test result comes to the 'true value'

What is one reason why we may avoid removing the stopper of a tube?

to maintain sterility (if the blood is being cultured)

Which of the following is a reason why globulins would be decreased? (there are two correct answers)

excessive administration of fluids, failure of passive transfer

How can we differentiate hemolysis from hemorrhage?

loss of plasma and plasma proteins

I want to use blood in an EDTA tube for a chemistry because it is my only sample. What results do I need to ignore?

Low calcium, high potassium and low enzymes

Regenerative anemia indicates that this condition is not a possible cause.

bone marrow disease/suppression

If a sample is lipemic and a normal sample cannot be collected, it is useless and cannot produce accurate results.

false, the lipemia can be corrected by some labs

Which of the following changes can occur if serum and clot are left together for too long? Select one of multiple.

the glucose will drop over time, hemolysis will occur over time

What is one disadvantage of laboratory testing?

long turnaround time and inaccessability

How do we define predictive value?

the probability of X being true if the test says X is true

If i know the percentage of blood that is composed of red cells, I know the...

PCV (packed cell volume) and HCT (hematocrit)

If reticulocytes show up in blood smears, why would we ever use a different stain?

a reticulocyte count/vital stain is more sensitive

Why might we run a serum protein electrophoresis?

to differentiate between inflammation and monoclonal gammopathy

How is it possible that an animal that is ill has a value within the reference range?

The change has been too small to move the animal's results outside the RR

This term refers to when cells are damaged within the vessels due to fibrin deposition.

microangiopathy (fragmentation)

How do we define precision?

the ability of a test to get the same result when testing the same sample

studbud

Clinical Pathology Exam 1 Review

192 termsStudBud Administration21 plays

Created for VME 7253 Clinical Pathology in spring 2025 at the OSUCVM. All questions are generated by the author (not chatGPT) from in-class study materials and any resemblance to exam questions is purely coincidental. Additionally, keep in mind that although these questions have been checked and rechecked, they may contain mistakes. If you have questions or concerns, especially if you believe a question is not correct or could be better, please email me or DM me on groupme.

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Questions 192

Answers

1
RBC, Hgb and HCT should all change together. If not, something about the RBC is abnormal or there is an error.
True
False
2
Which of the following is another reason why schistocytes may occur? (2 answers)
consumption of toxins
fibrin strands in the blood vessels
intracellular parasites
heartworms
3
Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of polycythemia?
splenic contraction
acute liver failure
true increases in RBC count (rare)
the animal is dehydrated
4
While lipemia may occur naturally (postprandial), it can also occur due to disease. Which is NOT a cause of lipemia?
hypothyroidism
diabetes mellitus
diabetes insipidus
pancreatitis
5
Hemorrhage leads to a marked loss of...
fibrinogen only
albumin only
albumin and globulins
all proteins
6
Which of the following lists describes the magnitude of the bone marrow response in order from strongest to undetectable
Dogs > cats > ruminants > horses
cats > dogs > ruminants > horses
horses > ruminants > cats > dogs
ruminants > horses > cats > dogs
7
Leukemia, hypoxia for any reason, and kidney dysfunction are all possible causes for absolute polycythemia
false
true
8
When blood cells are covered in antibodies like in IMHA/hemoparasite infection, what type of anemia occurs?
extravascular
intravascular
9
This protein is produced by the liver in large amounts. It maintains oncotic pressure and acts as a carrier molecule.
globulins
fibrinogen
albumin
10
High protein effusions like peritonitis and pleuritis can cause marked loss of...
albumin only
albumin and globulins
fibrinogen only
all proteins
11
What is the 'active ingredient' in an ACT tube that allows us to roughly assess coagulation?
diatomaceous earth
vermiculite
EDTA
citrate
12
This condition can occur in chronic hemorrhage, especially if the patient is iron deficient.
neutrophilia
neutropenia
thrombocytopenia
thrombocytosis
13
What type of anemia is indicated by spherocytes?
hemorrhage
immune mediated hemolytic anemia
bone marrow dysfunction
intracellular parasites
14
When filling a blood tube, it is inappropriate to take off the stopper instead of inserting the needle through.
False
True
15
These globulins are produced by B cells. The concentrations of these proteins go up slowly over time compared to APPs
alpha globulins
immunoglobulins
acute phase proteins
fibrinogen
16
How do we define accuracy?
the ability of a test to detect disease
How close the test result comes to the 'true value'
the ability of a test to get the same result when testing the same sample
the probability of X being true if the test says X is true
17
In this type of anemia, functional cells are crowded out, often by neoplastic tissues.
iron deficiency
myelopthisis
marrow directed immune disease
aplastic anemia
18
The most common cause of iron deficiency is...
genetic issues
dietary deficiency
chronic blood loss
metabolic disorders
19
What is one reason why we may avoid removing the stopper of a tube?
so the tube is filled the appropriate amount
to prevent hemolysis
to promote blood oxidation
to maintain sterility (if the blood is being cultured)
20
The lytic dilution of cell is used by the analyzer to measure...
hematocrit
platelets
The RBC count and mean cell volume
WBCs and hemoglobin
21
Which of the following is a reason why globulins would be decreased? (there are two correct answers)
excessive administration of fluids
chronic inflammation
chronic infection or B cell neoplasia
failure of passive transfer
22
How can we differentiate hemolysis from hemorrhage?
loss of plasma and plasma proteins
increased fibrinogen
presence of neutrophillia
presence of reticulocytes
23
On which of the following tests would you find total protein, albumin, globulin, and the A:G ratio?
chemistry
these tests are specially ordered
these values are all calculated
CBC
24
I want to use blood in an EDTA tube for a chemistry because it is my only sample. What results do I need to ignore?
low sodium, high potassium and low enzymes
High sodium, low chloride and enzymes
Low calcium, high potassium and low enzymes
high calcium, low potassium and enzymes
25
Regenerative anemia indicates that this condition is not a possible cause.
bone marrow disease/suppression
hemolysis
hemorrhage
26
If a sample is lipemic and a normal sample cannot be collected, it is useless and cannot produce accurate results.
false, the lipemia can be corrected by some labs
true, an animal must be able to produce a normal sample
27
In iron deficiency, MCHC ____ and MCV ____.
increases, increases
increases, decreases
decreases, increases
decreases, decreases
28
What does PLT stand for?
polychromic lymphocyte types
platelet count
polarized light therapy
polycythemic light type
29
Which of the following changes can occur if serum and clot are left together for too long? Select one of multiple.
the glucose will drop over time
calcium will be low
hemolysis will occur over time
potassium will increase
30
What is one disadvantage of laboratory testing?
long turnaround time and inaccessability
reduced error from trustworthy facilities
Increased user error
short turnaround time
31
This condition occurs when RBCs lyse and leak hemoglobin into the blood
ischemia
lipemia
icterus
hemolysis
32
How do we define predictive value?
the ability of a test to detect disease
the probability of X being true if the test says X is true
The ability of a test to detect disease
the ability of a test to detect a normal animal
33
If i know the percentage of blood that is composed of red cells, I know the...
mean cell volume (MCV)
RBC count
PCV (packed cell volume) and HCT (hematocrit)
hemoglobin
34
I need to run a CBC on an aldabra tortoise. What tube do I use?
heparin tube (green top)
serum tube (red top)
citrate tube (blue top)
EDTA tube (lavender top)
35
When looking at the total WBC count, we can see how many WBCs there are of each type.
True
False
36
If reticulocytes show up in blood smears, why would we ever use a different stain?
a reticulocyte count/vital stain is more sensitive
a reticulocyte count/vital stain is more specific
37
When RBCs fragment into many pieces in iron deficiency, we call them...
keratocytes
schistocytes
trypanocytes
lymphocytes
38
What does MCHC stand for?
microcytic hemoglobin concentration
mean cell hemoglobin content
microfold cell hemoglobin concentration
macrocytic hemoglobin concentration
39
Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of microangiopathy that we discussed?
heartworm disease
eosinophilia
DIC
40
Why might we run a serum protein electrophoresis?
this test is outdated and not often run
to confirm an animal has an acute phase response and not a liver tumor
to differentiate between inflammation and monoclonal gammopathy
To determine the type of acute phase proteins being produced
41
How is it possible that an animal that is ill has a value within the reference range?
The change has been too small to move the animal's results outside the RR
This does not occur
the animal has a genetic defect
The animal had an abnormal value to start and the illness makes it normal
42
I need serum from an animal. I do not want there to be any kind of reagent or substance in the tube. Which one do I use?
heparin tube (green top)
serum separator tube (tiger top)
EDTA tube (lavender top)
clot/serum tube (red top)
43
The isotonic dilution of cells is used by the analyzer to measure...
Fibrinogen
Hemoglobin
RBCS, MCVs and platelets
WBCs
44
Iron deficiency anemia is typically ___ initially, but then progresses to be __ due to deficiency.
nonregenerative, regenerative
regenerative, nonregenerative
regenerative, regenerative
nonregenerative, nonregenerative
45
This term refers to when cells are damaged within the vessels due to fibrin deposition.
IMHA
bacterial toxins/oxidant injury
microangiopathy (fragmentation)
hemoparasitism
46
When RBCs fragment such that you can still see most of the cell in one piece, we call them...
trypanocytes
schistocytes
lymphocytes
keratocytes
47
Which of the following indicates dehydration?
increased fibrinogen
increased globulin
all of the above
increased albumin
48
Which of the following would we expect of extravascular hemolysis?
hemoglobin in the serum
hemoglobinuria
spleno/hepatomegaly
elevated total protein
49
These cells form when the two sides of one part of the RBC membrane fuse together
keratocytes
echinocytes
acanthocytes
eccentrocytes
50
How do we define precision?
How close the test result is to the 'true value'
The probability of X being true if the test says X is true
the ability of a test to detect disease
the ability of a test to get the same result when testing the same sample
51
Unlike albumin, serum globulin actually increases slightly during the acute phase response
True
False
52
These cells have a central Hgb surrounded by a clear zone, and then a rim of Hgb.
eccentrocytes
codocytes (target cells)
keratocytes
acanthocytes
53
These small, basophillic dots occur inside RBCs on wright stained films. They can indicate regenerative anemias.
Mycoplasma
Howell jolly bodies
Basophilic stippling
Russel bodies
54
Marked polychromasia in a dog is ___ per 100x field, cats is ___ per 100X field, and ruminants is ____ per 100x field.
8, 4, anything
4, 8, anything
8, 4, 4
4, 8, anything
55
Marked thrombocytopenia...
suggests hemorrhage if supported by other parameters
has nothing to do with hemorrhage
can result from hemorrhage
can be a cause of hemorrhage
56
Which of the following reasons might cause increased fibrinogen?
clotting disorder
inflammation
disseminated intravascular coagulation
excessive IV fluid administration
57
The platelet count is usually very accurate and reliable.
True
False
58
How is it possible that a normal animal has a value outside the reference range?
it is not possible
the animal probably has some sort of genetic defect
the animal is subclinically ill
5% of healthy animals are excluded by design
59
MCV and MCHC are....
very sensitive
not included on most cbcs
not very sensitive
60
When looking at the differential WBC count, we can see the fractions of each type of WBC. This is not very useful.
False
True
61
When MCHC is low, we can say that cells are...
older
younger
62
Babesia infections look like ____ in the blood cells.
'signet rings'
teardrop or signet ring shapes
dots
chains or rings within the blood cells
63
What is one benefit of in-clinic testing?
reduced error from trustworthy facilities
Increased user error
long turnaround time and inaccessability
short turnaround time
64
Which of the following is a reason why globulins and total protein would be markedly increased?
dehydration
chronic infection or B cell neoplasia
failure of passive transfer
liver failure
65
How do you calculate the absolute reticulocyte count?
RBC*retic% - WBC
RBC*retic%
RBC*retic + WBC
RBC*retic%-HCT
66
This arrangement of cells is commonly described as 'a stack of coins'
agglutination
rouleaux
quarters
heinz
67
When you spin down a red top tube, you get __ because there are no anticoagulants.
serum
plasma
albumin
whole blood
68
How do we define sensitivity?
The ability of a test to detect disease
the ability of a test to detect a normal animal
How close the test result comes to the 'true value'
the probability of X being true if the test says that X is true
69
This type of tube loosely chelates calcium to allow coagulation to be tested.
EDTA tube
Serum tube
Citrate tube
Heparin tube
70
Mycoplasma haemofelis in RBCs looks like...
teardrop or signet ring shapes
chains or rings within the blood cells
'signet rings'
dots
71
Anemia may be more severe than the clinical signs due to the animal adapting to the change (especially chronic)
False
True
72
In this type of anemia, the bone marrow is attempting to resolve the deficit.
realistic anemia
regenerative/responding anemia
nonregenerative/nonresponsing anemia
reticulocyte anemia
73
In chronic hemorrhage, we typically see that total protein is...
increased due to overcompensation
normal due to compensation
decreased
74
Since reticulocytes still contain some mRNA, they appear blue on a blood film. What is this called?
polychromasia
spherocytosis
cyanosis
hyperchromia
75
What is the main use of blood that has been processed in a serum tube (red top/clot tube)?
von willebrand factor tests
blood chemistry
Cytology of fluid samples that are NOT blood
CBC
76
When flow cytometry is used, a laser hits each cell, which scatters light in a unique way. What occurs?
Cell size, number, scatter, and granularity are measured
only cell size is measured
only cell scatter is measured
only cell granularity is measured
77
These RBCs have unevenly distributed, blunt, or paddle shaped projections.
keratocytes
spherocytes
echinocytes
acanthocytes
78
MPV (mean platelet volume) is helpful for detecting this disease, common in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.
hemochromatosis
macrothrombocytopenia
hemophillia
microthrombocytopenia
79
This is the liquid portion of blood that remains when CLOTTED blood is spun down to remove cellular elements.
plasma
chyle
serum
albumin
80
Glomerular disease causes markedly reduced ___ since other proteins are too large to be filtered out.
all proteins
albumin and globulins
albumin only
fibrinogen only
81
These proteins are measured together because albumin is excluded. There are 2 main types that can be tested for
globulins
fibrinogen
albumin
82
Why does icterus occur?
taking a sample from an unfasted patient
increased concentrations of bilirubin
leaking of hemoglobin into the blood
increased fats in the blood
83
MCHC measures how 'full' the cells are with hemoglobin. What do we call increased MCHC? Decreased?
polychromasia, monochromasia
macrocytic, microcytic
reticulocytosis, normocytosis
hyperchromic, hypochromic
84
When MCV is increased, we say that cells are ____. When it is decreased, they are _____.
normocytic, microcytic
microcytic, macrocytic
normocytic, macrocytic
macrocytic, microcytic
85
Skin lesions with a lot of exudate cause marked loss of...
Albumin and globulins
albumin only
all proteins
Fibrinogen only
86
In the impedance method, cells are pushed through an aperture, interrupting a circuit. What occurs?
only cell granularity is measured
Only cell size is measured
Cell size, number, scatter, and granularity are measured
Only cell scatter is measured
87
I put 2mL of blood into a 6mL EDTA tube, messing up the ratio of EDTA to blood. What will happen to my sample?
my cells will lyse due to the hypotonic EDTA
nothing will happen to the sample
My cells will shrink due to the hypertonic EDTA
My PCV will be artificially high due to cell swelling
88
Name one other application of the oxalate/fluoride tube
CBC
PT, PTT
serum lactate concentration
Chemistry
89
How do we determine what values for a given test are "normal" (find the reference range)?
we calculate the reference range based on pt information such as weight
we test a healthy animal over its life and those values are the RR
We extrapolate these values from human medicine
We test many healthy animals and the RR includes 95% of those results
90
Cytauxzoon felis in RBCs looks like...
teardrop or signet ring shapes
'signet rings'
dots
chains or rings within the blood cells
91
In this type of anemia, RBCs are lysed in circulation
intravascular
extravascular
92
In this type of anemia, RBCs are removed from circulation and lysed, often by macrophages in the spleen.
intravascular
extravascular
93
When RBCs are still nucleated, they can be mistaken for...
bacterial cells
endothelial cells
white blood cells
platelets
94
How does EDTA, along with most other anticoagulants work?
it binds to calcium, which enzymes that clot blood require to work
It causes antithrombin to inhibit clotting
it binds to fibrinogen, which is essential for blood clotting
It binds to platelets
95
What can we expect chronic inflammation to do to the A:G ratio?
The A:G ratio will not change
The A:G ratio will be smaller
The A:G ratio will be larger
96
Which of the following is NOT a reason why a sample may have in vitro hemolysis (occurring outside of the pt)
leaving serum/plasma together with red cells for too long
minimizing transport time to lab
using too much force when moving the blood
using a gauge of needle that is too small
97
Mild increases and decreases to albumin and globulin are often caused by....
starvation
hydration status
liver failure
acute inflammation
98
When MCV is increased, what can we assume about the age of the RBCs?
The cells are older
The cells are younger
99
We use this term to generally describe red blood cells that are an abnormal shape
spherocytosis
keratocytosis
poikilocytosis
schistocytosis
100
What does MCV stand for?
Macrocytic volume
median cell volume
mean cell volume
mode cell volume
101
I need to measure the blood glucose of a patient but I cannot do it immediately. What tube do I use?
ACT tube (grey top)
heparin
oxalate/fluoride (grey top)
EDTA
102
I want to run a CBC on an animal. What tube do I use?
heparin (green top)
tiger top (serum separator)
lavender top (EDTA)
red top
103
What do we call it when there are increased red cells?
neutrophillia
eosinophillia
anemia
polycythemia or erythrocytosis
104
How can we tell that a horse is affected by regenerative anemia?
wait for the PCV to go up over time (we cannot tell based on retics)
reticulocytes are elevated mildly
reticulocytes are elevated markedly
it is impossible to tell
105
What is one benefit of laboratory testing?
reduced error from trustworthy facilities
short turnaround time
long turnaround time and inaccessability
Increased user error
106
A serum tube (red top) has a strange looking gel at the top of the clot. What probably happened to this sample?
the sample was spun down too quickly after drawing
the sample was heated too quickly by the water bath
the red cells and serum were left together for too long
the RBCs were lysed
107
Which of the following does NOT predispose animals to iron deficiency?
endoparasites
neonates/young animals
older animas
ectoparasites
108
In this type of anemia, the immune system attacks immature RBC stages or the marrow itself.
aplastic anemia
iron deficiency
marrow directed immune disease
myelopthisis
109
Which of the following is NOT one of the 'three Ls' that we use to characterize causes of anemia?
"loss" (hemorrhage)
"lack" (bone marrow issue)
"lyse" (hemolysis)
"lacunae" (bone marrow issue)
110
The most likely cause of non-regenerative mild-moderate anemia is...
aplastic anemia
iron deficiency
anemia of chronic/inflammatory disease
chronic renal failure
111
Any absolute reticulocyte count higher than _____ in a dog indicates that the bone marrow is responding to anemia
30,000
60,000
20,000
40,000
112
Which of the following causes MARKEDLY decreases albumin?
starvation
dehydration
the acute phase response
severe liver failure
113
Regarding the previous question, how long do I have to run my blood glucose?
I must do it immediately
I have 24 hours, up to 48 if I refrigerate
I can wait around 20 minutes, 40 if i refrigerate
I can wait around 12 hours, 24 if i refrigerate
114
What do we call very small, dense looking RBCs with no pale center on a blood smear?
spherocytosis
intracellular parasites
heinz bodies
schistocytosis
115
When collecting serum, I need to let my red top tube sit for ___ minutes. Ideally I would also use a ___ and/or ___.
5, water bath, rocker
15, ice bucket, water bath
10, heat block, water bath
20, heat block, water bath
116
When calcium is added to a sample in a citrate tube, the anticoagulant effects are reversed. What tests can we run?
PT, PTT, fibrinogen, D dimers and VWF
CBC only
CBC/chem
chem only
117
In this type of anemia, the bone marrow is NOT increasing production to resolve the deficit.
reticulocyte anemia
nonregenerative/nonresponsing anemia
realistic anemia
regenerative/responding anemia
118
Aggregate reticulocytes have ____ RNA while punctate reticulocytes have _____.
less, more
more, less
119
This is reported along with RBC morphology. It occurs when cells appear paler than normal and 'donut-like'
polychromasia
hyperchromasia
monochromasia
hypochromasia
120
When the body ruptures its own RBCs (especially a dog) what do we call it?
bacterial toxins/oxidant injury
microangiopathy
immune mediated hemolytic anemia
hemoparasitism
121
The only difference between HCT and PCV is that PCV is measured by the machine and HCT is measured by you.
True
False
122
I want to collect pericardial fluid from a patient who has effusion to see if there are cells in it. What tube do I use?
separator (tiger top)
Red top (serum)
heparin (green top)
EDTA (lavender top)
123
Oxidant injuries can be caused by drugs, plants, or toxins and cause these structures to appear on a blood smear.
schistocytes
agglutination
heinz bodies
rouleaux
124
The absolute WBC count tells us how many WBCs there are of each type and is very useful.
True
False
125
Serum protein electrophoresis is included in routine blood chemistry and does not need to be requested specifically.
True
False
126
This commonly prevents or reduces the ability of the bone marrow to produce new RBCs
potassium deficiency
chloride deficiency
iron deficiency
sodium deficiency
127
As opposed to rouleaux, we use this term to describe cells that appear like a cluster of grapes.
quarters
rouleaux
heinz
agglutination
128
We can also use this instrument to get a crude estimate of total protein.
centrifuge
capillary tubes
electrophoresis unit
refractometer
129
These red cells have uniform projections and are often caused as an artifact on blood smears.
Keratocytes
eccentrocytes
echinocytes
acanthocytes
130
I need to run a full blood chemistry immediately to save the life of one of my patients. What tube to I use?
heparin tube (green top)
Serum tube (red top)
EDTA tube (lavender top)
citrate tube (blue top)
131
When animals hemorrhage acutely, the PCV/HCT/TP will be normal for 1-3 hours because...
the spleen is contracting to replenish RBCs
after this time the animal has receuperated
the blood in circulation is not yet affected by the hemorrhage
the animal has lost whole blood, not just RBCs
132
It is advised to remove the serum from the clot if it will be a long time before the serum sample is used
False
True
133
If you suspect hemorrhage as a cause of anemia, where do we look to find the problem?
at the RBC morphology
at the bone marrow
at the patient (abdomen, externally, etc)
134
What is the main difference between plasma and serum?
plasma lacks fibrinogen and some coagulation factors present in serum
serum lacks fibrinogen and some coagulation factors present in plasma
135
The normal amount of nucleated RBCs is zero.
True
false
136
Which of the following does NOT cause decreased albumin?
starvation
dehydration
marked increase in globulins
severe liver failure
137
In a perfect world, a complete CBC should have...
a qualitative blood smear
quantitative analysis (procyte) and a qualitative blood smear
qualiatative information from a machine like the Sedivue
a quantitative analysis (procyte)
138
What is one disadvantage of in-clinic testing?
long turnaround time and inaccessability
Increased user error
short turnaround time
reduced error from trustworthy facilities
139
In horses and some dog breeds (akita, shiba), hemolysis may throw off the serum ___ due to the amount within the RBCs
sodium
iron
potassium
chloride
140
Anaplasma marginale in RBCs looks like...
dots
'signet rings'
chains or rings within the blood cells
teardrop or signet ring shapes
141
Reticulocytes can also be detected with this type of stain, which is applied while the cells are still alive.
Diff-quik
vital stain (new methylene blue)
silver sulfide stain
safranin stain
142
We discussed this protein as a notable negative acute phase protein (amounts decrease with inflammation).
albumin
gamma globulins
fibrinogen
IgG
143
One of your patients has regenerative anemia with icterus. What type of anemia does this suggest?
hemorrhage
hemolysis
terminal
bone marrow dysfunction
144
If a patient is not fasted before taking blood, the sample can appear milky due to increased lipids. What is this?
hemolysis
icterus
lipemia
ischemia
145
This is the liquid portion of blood that remains when NON-CLOTTED blood is spun down to remove cellular elements.
albumin
chyle
serum
plasma
146
Hematochezia refers to bleeding into the ___ such that the stool has bright red blood.
lower GI (colon)
upper GI (small intestine and above)
147
In cats, we only count _____ reticulocytes.
punctate
aggregate
mature
148
This class of globulins are produced by the liver. Their concentrations can increase or decrease with inflammation.
immunoglobulins
gamma globulins
acute phase proteins
fibrinogen
149
4-5 hours after hemorrhaging, the PCV and TP are lowered because...
the animal is now hypervolemic
the animal is now hypovolemic
the animal has resolved hypovolemia with IC fluid entering vessels
the animal has not yet resolved the hypovolemia
150
With which condition do we commonly see acanthocytes?
liver failure
diabetes mellitus
kidney failure
heart failure
151
Mild thrombocytopenia...
has nothing to do with hemorrhage
suggests hemorrhage if supported by other parameters
can result from hemorrhage
can be a cause of hemorrhage
152
After collecting a sample using an ACT tube, when must we perform the test?
immediately
after 5 minutes
after 24 hours
after 20 minutes
153
PCT (plateletcrit) measures...
The percent of blood volume that is platelets
the amount of platelets as a percentage of the plasma
The percent of blood volume that is NOT platelets
the percent of blood volume that is RBCs
154
What is a reticulocyte?
a type of cell that produces platelets
a dying RBC
an immature lymphocyte
an immature RBC that still has mRNA
155
Which of the following is a likely cause of hypochromasia (especially in dogs and camels)
iron deficiency
hemorrhage
hemoparasites
bone marrow dysfunction
156
Melena refers to bleeding into the ____ such that the stool is dark and tarry.
lower GI (colon)
upper GI (small intestine and above)
157
Acute hemorrhage is nonregenerative for a few days until the bone marrow starts producing reticulocytes
False
True
158
If I get a suspicious number for a patient's blood glucose and I want to make sure it's accurate, what should I do?
I should find a different glucometer to test my sample and compare results
I should redraw another sample and run it on the machine again
I should give my patient insulin
I should test the control sample to make sure the machine is accurate
159
When there is a large amount of reticulocytes after an animal has been anemic, we know that.... (THIS IS IMPORTANT!!!!!)
the animal requires additional care
The animal's bone marrow is responding to the anemia
the animal's anemia is worsening
the animal has cancer
160
Which of the following is NOT a reason why an animal might develop heinz bodies?
consumption of antifreeze
administration of tylenol (feline)
consumption of onion
hemoparasites
161
Bone marrow aspirates are very informative, especially if...
there is neutropenia or thrombocytopenia
all of the above
HCT is decreased by more than 20%
There is pancytopenia
162
When you spin down a lavender top tube (EDTA), you get ___ because of the anticoagulant (EDTA).
whole blood
albumin
plasma
serum
163
If you suspect hemolysis as a cause of anemia, where do we look to find the problem?
at the RBC morphology
at the patient (abdomen, externally, etc)
at the bone marrow
164
What is the best stain to use when checking for heinz bodies?
congo red
wright stain
diff-quik
new methylene blue
165
When albumin is reduced, this analyte may be reduced as well.
calcium
chloride
sodium
potassium
166
Why can lipemia cause inaccurate test results?
machine tubing was not built to handle high amounts of fat and can clog
the pH of the blood is altered, invalidating test results
the turbidity of the sample is increased, changing how light passes through
high amounts of fat can interfere with reagent function
167
What method is typically used to measure fibrinogen? It is not very accurate.
heat precipitation
flow cytometry
spectrography
electrophoresis
168
Does babesia affect cats in the US?
yes
no
169
This acute phase protein is produced by the liver and is a precursor to a protein that is vital to blood clot formation
globulins
albumin
fibrinogen
immunoglobulin
170
If you cannot run plasma from a citrate tube immediately, you should...
keep plasma and cells together to preserve
remove the plasma from the cells and freeze it
remove the plasma from the cells and keep it at room temp
give up and take another sample at a later date
171
If there is hemolysis present, we can expect the reticulocyte response to be ___ and TP to be ___ compared to hemorrhage
decreased, reduced
decreased, normal to increased
increased, reduced
increased, normal to increased
172
What do we call these small, round, basophillic nuclear remnants that typically occur in RBCs (wright stain)
Mycoplasma
basophilic stippling
russell bodies
Howell-jolly bodies
173
Usually when MCHC is high...
it is due to dehydration
it is usually an artifact
MCHC is never high
there is a serious problem
174
This term to describes anything that undergoes analysis. It also refers to any specific test run on a CBC, chem, etc.
analyte
in vivo
serum
plasma
175
Which test might you run if you wanted to find an animal's fibrinogen?
serum protein electrophoresis
refractometer
Chemistry
CBC (typically for horses and cows)
176
When an automated analyzer test a blood sample, it's split into a fraction that is lysed and a fraction that is isotonic
True
False
177
Absolute polycythemia is a common condition.
False
True
178
Polychromasia is reported subjectively and should not be considered an adequate measurement in most cases
True
False
179
Select one of the two tubes that have grey tops.
oxalate/fluroide tubes
separator tubes
ACT (activated clotting time)
heparin
180
You spin down a sample and you notice the color of the plasma is yellower than normal. What condition is this?
icterus
hemolysis
ischemia
lipemia
181
If you want a more specific measure of fibrinogen, you should order this special test.
spectrography
quantitative fibrinogen
qualitative fibrinogen
electrophoresis
182
Which of the following is NOT an example of primary anemia?
anemia of inflammatory diseases
RBC parasites (anaplasmosis, etc)
IMHA
183
Which of the following is NOT an example of a primary anemia?
IMHA
RBC parasites (anaplasmosis, etc.)
anemia of inflammatory diseases
184
What type of anemia does Cytauxzoon felis cause?
nonregenerative
regenerative
185
How do we define specificity?
The ability of a test to detect disease
the probability of X being true if the test says X is true
How close the test result comes to the 'true value'
the ability of a test to detect a normal animal
186
Usually intravascular anemia ALSO has an extravascular component, but the reverse does not occur.
True
False
187
The tiger top tube (serum separator) has an anticoagulant in addition to the gel that separates the RBCs and serum.
true
false
188
What is one reason I should not use a heparin tube for a CBC?
the cell morphology changes due to the heparin
platelets clump and the cells stain weird due to the heparin
the heparin may cause lymphocytes to lyse
running the blood through the machine causes it to clot again
189
In addition to being hypochromic, the RBCs may also _____ due to the deficiency.
fragment
involute
agglutinate
swell
190
Any absolute reticulocyte count higher than _____ in a cat indicates that the bone marrow is responding to anemia
20,000
30,000
40,000
35,000
191
In this type of anemia, there are no cells present on bone marrow aspirate
aplastic anemia
marrow directed immune disease
myelopthisis
iron deficiency
192
Globulins and the A:G ratio are not measured directly but instead calculated
False
True

Clinical Pathology Exam 1 Review Flashcards | StudBud

Clinical Pathology Exam 1 Review

192 termsStudBud Administration21 plays

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Questions 192

Answers

1
RBC, Hgb and HCT should all change together. If not, something about the RBC is abnormal or there is an error.
True
False
2
Which of the following is another reason why schistocytes may occur? (2 answers)
consumption of toxins
fibrin strands in the blood vessels
intracellular parasites
heartworms
3
Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of polycythemia?
splenic contraction
acute liver failure
true increases in RBC count (rare)
the animal is dehydrated
4
While lipemia may occur naturally (postprandial), it can also occur due to disease. Which is NOT a cause of lipemia?
hypothyroidism
diabetes mellitus
diabetes insipidus
pancreatitis
5
Hemorrhage leads to a marked loss of...
fibrinogen only
albumin only
albumin and globulins
all proteins
6
Which of the following lists describes the magnitude of the bone marrow response in order from strongest to undetectable
Dogs > cats > ruminants > horses
cats > dogs > ruminants > horses
horses > ruminants > cats > dogs
ruminants > horses > cats > dogs
7
Leukemia, hypoxia for any reason, and kidney dysfunction are all possible causes for absolute polycythemia
false
true
8
When blood cells are covered in antibodies like in IMHA/hemoparasite infection, what type of anemia occurs?
extravascular
intravascular
9
This protein is produced by the liver in large amounts. It maintains oncotic pressure and acts as a carrier molecule.
globulins
fibrinogen
albumin
10
High protein effusions like peritonitis and pleuritis can cause marked loss of...
albumin only
albumin and globulins
fibrinogen only
all proteins
11
What is the 'active ingredient' in an ACT tube that allows us to roughly assess coagulation?
diatomaceous earth
vermiculite
EDTA
citrate
12
This condition can occur in chronic hemorrhage, especially if the patient is iron deficient.
neutrophilia
neutropenia
thrombocytopenia
thrombocytosis
13
What type of anemia is indicated by spherocytes?
hemorrhage
immune mediated hemolytic anemia
bone marrow dysfunction
intracellular parasites
14
When filling a blood tube, it is inappropriate to take off the stopper instead of inserting the needle through.
False
True
15
These globulins are produced by B cells. The concentrations of these proteins go up slowly over time compared to APPs
alpha globulins
immunoglobulins
acute phase proteins
fibrinogen
16
How do we define accuracy?
the ability of a test to detect disease
How close the test result comes to the 'true value'
the ability of a test to get the same result when testing the same sample
the probability of X being true if the test says X is true
17
In this type of anemia, functional cells are crowded out, often by neoplastic tissues.
iron deficiency
myelopthisis
marrow directed immune disease
aplastic anemia
18
The most common cause of iron deficiency is...
genetic issues
dietary deficiency
chronic blood loss
metabolic disorders
19
What is one reason why we may avoid removing the stopper of a tube?
so the tube is filled the appropriate amount
to prevent hemolysis
to promote blood oxidation
to maintain sterility (if the blood is being cultured)
20
The lytic dilution of cell is used by the analyzer to measure...
hematocrit
platelets
The RBC count and mean cell volume
WBCs and hemoglobin
21
Which of the following is a reason why globulins would be decreased? (there are two correct answers)
excessive administration of fluids
chronic inflammation
chronic infection or B cell neoplasia
failure of passive transfer
22
How can we differentiate hemolysis from hemorrhage?
loss of plasma and plasma proteins
increased fibrinogen
presence of neutrophillia
presence of reticulocytes
23
On which of the following tests would you find total protein, albumin, globulin, and the A:G ratio?
chemistry
these tests are specially ordered
these values are all calculated
CBC
24
I want to use blood in an EDTA tube for a chemistry because it is my only sample. What results do I need to ignore?
low sodium, high potassium and low enzymes
High sodium, low chloride and enzymes
Low calcium, high potassium and low enzymes
high calcium, low potassium and enzymes
25
Regenerative anemia indicates that this condition is not a possible cause.
bone marrow disease/suppression
hemolysis
hemorrhage
26
If a sample is lipemic and a normal sample cannot be collected, it is useless and cannot produce accurate results.
false, the lipemia can be corrected by some labs
true, an animal must be able to produce a normal sample
27
In iron deficiency, MCHC ____ and MCV ____.
increases, increases
increases, decreases
decreases, increases
decreases, decreases
28
What does PLT stand for?
polychromic lymphocyte types
platelet count
polarized light therapy
polycythemic light type
29
Which of the following changes can occur if serum and clot are left together for too long? Select one of multiple.
the glucose will drop over time
calcium will be low
hemolysis will occur over time
potassium will increase
30
What is one disadvantage of laboratory testing?
long turnaround time and inaccessability
reduced error from trustworthy facilities
Increased user error
short turnaround time
31
This condition occurs when RBCs lyse and leak hemoglobin into the blood
ischemia
lipemia
icterus
hemolysis
32
How do we define predictive value?
the ability of a test to detect disease
the probability of X being true if the test says X is true
The ability of a test to detect disease
the ability of a test to detect a normal animal
33
If i know the percentage of blood that is composed of red cells, I know the...
mean cell volume (MCV)
RBC count
PCV (packed cell volume) and HCT (hematocrit)
hemoglobin
34
I need to run a CBC on an aldabra tortoise. What tube do I use?
heparin tube (green top)
serum tube (red top)
citrate tube (blue top)
EDTA tube (lavender top)
35
When looking at the total WBC count, we can see how many WBCs there are of each type.
True
False
36
If reticulocytes show up in blood smears, why would we ever use a different stain?
a reticulocyte count/vital stain is more sensitive
a reticulocyte count/vital stain is more specific
37
When RBCs fragment into many pieces in iron deficiency, we call them...
keratocytes
schistocytes
trypanocytes
lymphocytes
38
What does MCHC stand for?
microcytic hemoglobin concentration
mean cell hemoglobin content
microfold cell hemoglobin concentration
macrocytic hemoglobin concentration
39
Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of microangiopathy that we discussed?
heartworm disease
eosinophilia
DIC
40
Why might we run a serum protein electrophoresis?
this test is outdated and not often run
to confirm an animal has an acute phase response and not a liver tumor
to differentiate between inflammation and monoclonal gammopathy
To determine the type of acute phase proteins being produced
41
How is it possible that an animal that is ill has a value within the reference range?
The change has been too small to move the animal's results outside the RR
This does not occur
the animal has a genetic defect
The animal had an abnormal value to start and the illness makes it normal
42
I need serum from an animal. I do not want there to be any kind of reagent or substance in the tube. Which one do I use?
heparin tube (green top)
serum separator tube (tiger top)
EDTA tube (lavender top)
clot/serum tube (red top)
43
The isotonic dilution of cells is used by the analyzer to measure...
Fibrinogen
Hemoglobin
RBCS, MCVs and platelets
WBCs
44
Iron deficiency anemia is typically ___ initially, but then progresses to be __ due to deficiency.
nonregenerative, regenerative
regenerative, nonregenerative
regenerative, regenerative
nonregenerative, nonregenerative
45
This term refers to when cells are damaged within the vessels due to fibrin deposition.
IMHA
bacterial toxins/oxidant injury
microangiopathy (fragmentation)
hemoparasitism
46
When RBCs fragment such that you can still see most of the cell in one piece, we call them...
trypanocytes
schistocytes
lymphocytes
keratocytes
47
Which of the following indicates dehydration?
increased fibrinogen
increased globulin
all of the above
increased albumin
48
Which of the following would we expect of extravascular hemolysis?
hemoglobin in the serum
hemoglobinuria
spleno/hepatomegaly
elevated total protein
49
These cells form when the two sides of one part of the RBC membrane fuse together
keratocytes
echinocytes
acanthocytes
eccentrocytes
50
How do we define precision?
How close the test result is to the 'true value'
The probability of X being true if the test says X is true
the ability of a test to detect disease
the ability of a test to get the same result when testing the same sample
51
Unlike albumin, serum globulin actually increases slightly during the acute phase response
True
False
52
These cells have a central Hgb surrounded by a clear zone, and then a rim of Hgb.
eccentrocytes
codocytes (target cells)
keratocytes
acanthocytes
53
These small, basophillic dots occur inside RBCs on wright stained films. They can indicate regenerative anemias.
Mycoplasma
Howell jolly bodies
Basophilic stippling
Russel bodies
54
Marked polychromasia in a dog is ___ per 100x field, cats is ___ per 100X field, and ruminants is ____ per 100x field.
8, 4, anything
4, 8, anything
8, 4, 4
4, 8, anything
55
Marked thrombocytopenia...
suggests hemorrhage if supported by other parameters
has nothing to do with hemorrhage
can result from hemorrhage
can be a cause of hemorrhage
56
Which of the following reasons might cause increased fibrinogen?
clotting disorder
inflammation
disseminated intravascular coagulation
excessive IV fluid administration
57
The platelet count is usually very accurate and reliable.
True
False
58
How is it possible that a normal animal has a value outside the reference range?
it is not possible
the animal probably has some sort of genetic defect
the animal is subclinically ill
5% of healthy animals are excluded by design
59
MCV and MCHC are....
very sensitive
not included on most cbcs
not very sensitive
60
When looking at the differential WBC count, we can see the fractions of each type of WBC. This is not very useful.
False
True
61
When MCHC is low, we can say that cells are...
older
younger
62
Babesia infections look like ____ in the blood cells.
'signet rings'
teardrop or signet ring shapes
dots
chains or rings within the blood cells
63
What is one benefit of in-clinic testing?
reduced error from trustworthy facilities
Increased user error
long turnaround time and inaccessability
short turnaround time
64
Which of the following is a reason why globulins and total protein would be markedly increased?
dehydration
chronic infection or B cell neoplasia
failure of passive transfer
liver failure
65
How do you calculate the absolute reticulocyte count?
RBC*retic% - WBC
RBC*retic%
RBC*retic + WBC
RBC*retic%-HCT
66
This arrangement of cells is commonly described as 'a stack of coins'
agglutination
rouleaux
quarters
heinz
67
When you spin down a red top tube, you get __ because there are no anticoagulants.
serum
plasma
albumin
whole blood
68
How do we define sensitivity?
The ability of a test to detect disease
the ability of a test to detect a normal animal
How close the test result comes to the 'true value'
the probability of X being true if the test says that X is true
69
This type of tube loosely chelates calcium to allow coagulation to be tested.
EDTA tube
Serum tube
Citrate tube
Heparin tube
70
Mycoplasma haemofelis in RBCs looks like...
teardrop or signet ring shapes
chains or rings within the blood cells
'signet rings'
dots
71
Anemia may be more severe than the clinical signs due to the animal adapting to the change (especially chronic)
False
True
72
In this type of anemia, the bone marrow is attempting to resolve the deficit.
realistic anemia
regenerative/responding anemia
nonregenerative/nonresponsing anemia
reticulocyte anemia
73
In chronic hemorrhage, we typically see that total protein is...
increased due to overcompensation
normal due to compensation
decreased
74
Since reticulocytes still contain some mRNA, they appear blue on a blood film. What is this called?
polychromasia
spherocytosis
cyanosis
hyperchromia
75
What is the main use of blood that has been processed in a serum tube (red top/clot tube)?
von willebrand factor tests
blood chemistry
Cytology of fluid samples that are NOT blood
CBC
76
When flow cytometry is used, a laser hits each cell, which scatters light in a unique way. What occurs?
Cell size, number, scatter, and granularity are measured
only cell size is measured
only cell scatter is measured
only cell granularity is measured
77
These RBCs have unevenly distributed, blunt, or paddle shaped projections.
keratocytes
spherocytes
echinocytes
acanthocytes
78
MPV (mean platelet volume) is helpful for detecting this disease, common in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.
hemochromatosis
macrothrombocytopenia
hemophillia
microthrombocytopenia
79
This is the liquid portion of blood that remains when CLOTTED blood is spun down to remove cellular elements.
plasma
chyle
serum
albumin
80
Glomerular disease causes markedly reduced ___ since other proteins are too large to be filtered out.
all proteins
albumin and globulins
albumin only
fibrinogen only
81
These proteins are measured together because albumin is excluded. There are 2 main types that can be tested for
globulins
fibrinogen
albumin
82
Why does icterus occur?
taking a sample from an unfasted patient
increased concentrations of bilirubin
leaking of hemoglobin into the blood
increased fats in the blood
83
MCHC measures how 'full' the cells are with hemoglobin. What do we call increased MCHC? Decreased?
polychromasia, monochromasia
macrocytic, microcytic
reticulocytosis, normocytosis
hyperchromic, hypochromic
84
When MCV is increased, we say that cells are ____. When it is decreased, they are _____.
normocytic, microcytic
microcytic, macrocytic
normocytic, macrocytic
macrocytic, microcytic
85
Skin lesions with a lot of exudate cause marked loss of...
Albumin and globulins
albumin only
all proteins
Fibrinogen only
86
In the impedance method, cells are pushed through an aperture, interrupting a circuit. What occurs?
only cell granularity is measured
Only cell size is measured
Cell size, number, scatter, and granularity are measured
Only cell scatter is measured
87
I put 2mL of blood into a 6mL EDTA tube, messing up the ratio of EDTA to blood. What will happen to my sample?
my cells will lyse due to the hypotonic EDTA
nothing will happen to the sample
My cells will shrink due to the hypertonic EDTA
My PCV will be artificially high due to cell swelling
88
Name one other application of the oxalate/fluoride tube
CBC
PT, PTT
serum lactate concentration
Chemistry
89
How do we determine what values for a given test are "normal" (find the reference range)?
we calculate the reference range based on pt information such as weight
we test a healthy animal over its life and those values are the RR
We extrapolate these values from human medicine
We test many healthy animals and the RR includes 95% of those results
90
Cytauxzoon felis in RBCs looks like...
teardrop or signet ring shapes
'signet rings'
dots
chains or rings within the blood cells
91
In this type of anemia, RBCs are lysed in circulation
intravascular
extravascular
92
In this type of anemia, RBCs are removed from circulation and lysed, often by macrophages in the spleen.
intravascular
extravascular
93
When RBCs are still nucleated, they can be mistaken for...
bacterial cells
endothelial cells
white blood cells
platelets
94
How does EDTA, along with most other anticoagulants work?
it binds to calcium, which enzymes that clot blood require to work
It causes antithrombin to inhibit clotting
it binds to fibrinogen, which is essential for blood clotting
It binds to platelets
95
What can we expect chronic inflammation to do to the A:G ratio?
The A:G ratio will not change
The A:G ratio will be smaller
The A:G ratio will be larger
96
Which of the following is NOT a reason why a sample may have in vitro hemolysis (occurring outside of the pt)
leaving serum/plasma together with red cells for too long
minimizing transport time to lab
using too much force when moving the blood
using a gauge of needle that is too small
97
Mild increases and decreases to albumin and globulin are often caused by....
starvation
hydration status
liver failure
acute inflammation
98
When MCV is increased, what can we assume about the age of the RBCs?
The cells are older
The cells are younger
99
We use this term to generally describe red blood cells that are an abnormal shape
spherocytosis
keratocytosis
poikilocytosis
schistocytosis
100
What does MCV stand for?
Macrocytic volume
median cell volume
mean cell volume
mode cell volume
101
I need to measure the blood glucose of a patient but I cannot do it immediately. What tube do I use?
ACT tube (grey top)
heparin
oxalate/fluoride (grey top)
EDTA
102
I want to run a CBC on an animal. What tube do I use?
heparin (green top)
tiger top (serum separator)
lavender top (EDTA)
red top
103
What do we call it when there are increased red cells?
neutrophillia
eosinophillia
anemia
polycythemia or erythrocytosis
104
How can we tell that a horse is affected by regenerative anemia?
wait for the PCV to go up over time (we cannot tell based on retics)
reticulocytes are elevated mildly
reticulocytes are elevated markedly
it is impossible to tell
105
What is one benefit of laboratory testing?
reduced error from trustworthy facilities
short turnaround time
long turnaround time and inaccessability
Increased user error
106
A serum tube (red top) has a strange looking gel at the top of the clot. What probably happened to this sample?
the sample was spun down too quickly after drawing
the sample was heated too quickly by the water bath
the red cells and serum were left together for too long
the RBCs were lysed
107
Which of the following does NOT predispose animals to iron deficiency?
endoparasites
neonates/young animals
older animas
ectoparasites
108
In this type of anemia, the immune system attacks immature RBC stages or the marrow itself.
aplastic anemia
iron deficiency
marrow directed immune disease
myelopthisis
109
Which of the following is NOT one of the 'three Ls' that we use to characterize causes of anemia?
"loss" (hemorrhage)
"lack" (bone marrow issue)
"lyse" (hemolysis)
"lacunae" (bone marrow issue)
110
The most likely cause of non-regenerative mild-moderate anemia is...
aplastic anemia
iron deficiency
anemia of chronic/inflammatory disease
chronic renal failure
111
Any absolute reticulocyte count higher than _____ in a dog indicates that the bone marrow is responding to anemia
30,000
60,000
20,000
40,000
112
Which of the following causes MARKEDLY decreases albumin?
starvation
dehydration
the acute phase response
severe liver failure
113
Regarding the previous question, how long do I have to run my blood glucose?
I must do it immediately
I have 24 hours, up to 48 if I refrigerate
I can wait around 20 minutes, 40 if i refrigerate
I can wait around 12 hours, 24 if i refrigerate
114
What do we call very small, dense looking RBCs with no pale center on a blood smear?
spherocytosis
intracellular parasites
heinz bodies
schistocytosis
115
When collecting serum, I need to let my red top tube sit for ___ minutes. Ideally I would also use a ___ and/or ___.
5, water bath, rocker
15, ice bucket, water bath
10, heat block, water bath
20, heat block, water bath
116
When calcium is added to a sample in a citrate tube, the anticoagulant effects are reversed. What tests can we run?
PT, PTT, fibrinogen, D dimers and VWF
CBC only
CBC/chem
chem only
117
In this type of anemia, the bone marrow is NOT increasing production to resolve the deficit.
reticulocyte anemia
nonregenerative/nonresponsing anemia
realistic anemia
regenerative/responding anemia
118
Aggregate reticulocytes have ____ RNA while punctate reticulocytes have _____.
less, more
more, less
119
This is reported along with RBC morphology. It occurs when cells appear paler than normal and 'donut-like'
polychromasia
hyperchromasia
monochromasia
hypochromasia
120
When the body ruptures its own RBCs (especially a dog) what do we call it?
bacterial toxins/oxidant injury
microangiopathy
immune mediated hemolytic anemia
hemoparasitism
121
The only difference between HCT and PCV is that PCV is measured by the machine and HCT is measured by you.
True
False
122
I want to collect pericardial fluid from a patient who has effusion to see if there are cells in it. What tube do I use?
separator (tiger top)
Red top (serum)
heparin (green top)
EDTA (lavender top)
123
Oxidant injuries can be caused by drugs, plants, or toxins and cause these structures to appear on a blood smear.
schistocytes
agglutination
heinz bodies
rouleaux
124
The absolute WBC count tells us how many WBCs there are of each type and is very useful.
True
False
125
Serum protein electrophoresis is included in routine blood chemistry and does not need to be requested specifically.
True
False
126
This commonly prevents or reduces the ability of the bone marrow to produce new RBCs
potassium deficiency
chloride deficiency
iron deficiency
sodium deficiency
127
As opposed to rouleaux, we use this term to describe cells that appear like a cluster of grapes.
quarters
rouleaux
heinz
agglutination
128
We can also use this instrument to get a crude estimate of total protein.
centrifuge
capillary tubes
electrophoresis unit
refractometer
129
These red cells have uniform projections and are often caused as an artifact on blood smears.
Keratocytes
eccentrocytes
echinocytes
acanthocytes
130
I need to run a full blood chemistry immediately to save the life of one of my patients. What tube to I use?
heparin tube (green top)
Serum tube (red top)
EDTA tube (lavender top)
citrate tube (blue top)
131
When animals hemorrhage acutely, the PCV/HCT/TP will be normal for 1-3 hours because...
the spleen is contracting to replenish RBCs
after this time the animal has receuperated
the blood in circulation is not yet affected by the hemorrhage
the animal has lost whole blood, not just RBCs
132
It is advised to remove the serum from the clot if it will be a long time before the serum sample is used
False
True
133
If you suspect hemorrhage as a cause of anemia, where do we look to find the problem?
at the RBC morphology
at the bone marrow
at the patient (abdomen, externally, etc)
134
What is the main difference between plasma and serum?
plasma lacks fibrinogen and some coagulation factors present in serum
serum lacks fibrinogen and some coagulation factors present in plasma
135
The normal amount of nucleated RBCs is zero.
True
false
136
Which of the following does NOT cause decreased albumin?
starvation
dehydration
marked increase in globulins
severe liver failure
137
In a perfect world, a complete CBC should have...
a qualitative blood smear
quantitative analysis (procyte) and a qualitative blood smear
qualiatative information from a machine like the Sedivue
a quantitative analysis (procyte)
138
What is one disadvantage of in-clinic testing?
long turnaround time and inaccessability
Increased user error
short turnaround time
reduced error from trustworthy facilities
139
In horses and some dog breeds (akita, shiba), hemolysis may throw off the serum ___ due to the amount within the RBCs
sodium
iron
potassium
chloride
140
Anaplasma marginale in RBCs looks like...
dots
'signet rings'
chains or rings within the blood cells
teardrop or signet ring shapes
141
Reticulocytes can also be detected with this type of stain, which is applied while the cells are still alive.
Diff-quik
vital stain (new methylene blue)
silver sulfide stain
safranin stain
142
We discussed this protein as a notable negative acute phase protein (amounts decrease with inflammation).
albumin
gamma globulins
fibrinogen
IgG
143
One of your patients has regenerative anemia with icterus. What type of anemia does this suggest?
hemorrhage
hemolysis
terminal
bone marrow dysfunction
144
If a patient is not fasted before taking blood, the sample can appear milky due to increased lipids. What is this?
hemolysis
icterus
lipemia
ischemia
145
This is the liquid portion of blood that remains when NON-CLOTTED blood is spun down to remove cellular elements.
albumin
chyle
serum
plasma
146
Hematochezia refers to bleeding into the ___ such that the stool has bright red blood.
lower GI (colon)
upper GI (small intestine and above)
147
In cats, we only count _____ reticulocytes.
punctate
aggregate
mature
148
This class of globulins are produced by the liver. Their concentrations can increase or decrease with inflammation.
immunoglobulins
gamma globulins
acute phase proteins
fibrinogen
149
4-5 hours after hemorrhaging, the PCV and TP are lowered because...
the animal is now hypervolemic
the animal is now hypovolemic
the animal has resolved hypovolemia with IC fluid entering vessels
the animal has not yet resolved the hypovolemia
150
With which condition do we commonly see acanthocytes?
liver failure
diabetes mellitus
kidney failure
heart failure
151
Mild thrombocytopenia...
has nothing to do with hemorrhage
suggests hemorrhage if supported by other parameters
can result from hemorrhage
can be a cause of hemorrhage
152
After collecting a sample using an ACT tube, when must we perform the test?
immediately
after 5 minutes
after 24 hours
after 20 minutes
153
PCT (plateletcrit) measures...
The percent of blood volume that is platelets
the amount of platelets as a percentage of the plasma
The percent of blood volume that is NOT platelets
the percent of blood volume that is RBCs
154
What is a reticulocyte?
a type of cell that produces platelets
a dying RBC
an immature lymphocyte
an immature RBC that still has mRNA
155
Which of the following is a likely cause of hypochromasia (especially in dogs and camels)
iron deficiency
hemorrhage
hemoparasites
bone marrow dysfunction
156
Melena refers to bleeding into the ____ such that the stool is dark and tarry.
lower GI (colon)
upper GI (small intestine and above)
157
Acute hemorrhage is nonregenerative for a few days until the bone marrow starts producing reticulocytes
False
True
158
If I get a suspicious number for a patient's blood glucose and I want to make sure it's accurate, what should I do?
I should find a different glucometer to test my sample and compare results
I should redraw another sample and run it on the machine again
I should give my patient insulin
I should test the control sample to make sure the machine is accurate
159
When there is a large amount of reticulocytes after an animal has been anemic, we know that.... (THIS IS IMPORTANT!!!!!)
the animal requires additional care
The animal's bone marrow is responding to the anemia
the animal's anemia is worsening
the animal has cancer
160
Which of the following is NOT a reason why an animal might develop heinz bodies?
consumption of antifreeze
administration of tylenol (feline)
consumption of onion
hemoparasites
161
Bone marrow aspirates are very informative, especially if...
there is neutropenia or thrombocytopenia
all of the above
HCT is decreased by more than 20%
There is pancytopenia
162
When you spin down a lavender top tube (EDTA), you get ___ because of the anticoagulant (EDTA).
whole blood
albumin
plasma
serum
163
If you suspect hemolysis as a cause of anemia, where do we look to find the problem?
at the RBC morphology
at the patient (abdomen, externally, etc)
at the bone marrow
164
What is the best stain to use when checking for heinz bodies?
congo red
wright stain
diff-quik
new methylene blue
165
When albumin is reduced, this analyte may be reduced as well.
calcium
chloride
sodium
potassium
166
Why can lipemia cause inaccurate test results?
machine tubing was not built to handle high amounts of fat and can clog
the pH of the blood is altered, invalidating test results
the turbidity of the sample is increased, changing how light passes through
high amounts of fat can interfere with reagent function
167
What method is typically used to measure fibrinogen? It is not very accurate.
heat precipitation
flow cytometry
spectrography
electrophoresis
168
Does babesia affect cats in the US?
yes
no
169
This acute phase protein is produced by the liver and is a precursor to a protein that is vital to blood clot formation
globulins
albumin
fibrinogen
immunoglobulin
170
If you cannot run plasma from a citrate tube immediately, you should...
keep plasma and cells together to preserve
remove the plasma from the cells and freeze it
remove the plasma from the cells and keep it at room temp
give up and take another sample at a later date
171
If there is hemolysis present, we can expect the reticulocyte response to be ___ and TP to be ___ compared to hemorrhage
decreased, reduced
decreased, normal to increased
increased, reduced
increased, normal to increased
172
What do we call these small, round, basophillic nuclear remnants that typically occur in RBCs (wright stain)
Mycoplasma
basophilic stippling
russell bodies
Howell-jolly bodies
173
Usually when MCHC is high...
it is due to dehydration
it is usually an artifact
MCHC is never high
there is a serious problem
174
This term to describes anything that undergoes analysis. It also refers to any specific test run on a CBC, chem, etc.
analyte
in vivo
serum
plasma
175
Which test might you run if you wanted to find an animal's fibrinogen?
serum protein electrophoresis
refractometer
Chemistry
CBC (typically for horses and cows)
176
When an automated analyzer test a blood sample, it's split into a fraction that is lysed and a fraction that is isotonic
True
False
177
Absolute polycythemia is a common condition.
False
True
178
Polychromasia is reported subjectively and should not be considered an adequate measurement in most cases
True
False
179
Select one of the two tubes that have grey tops.
oxalate/fluroide tubes
separator tubes
ACT (activated clotting time)
heparin
180
You spin down a sample and you notice the color of the plasma is yellower than normal. What condition is this?
icterus
hemolysis
ischemia
lipemia
181
If you want a more specific measure of fibrinogen, you should order this special test.
spectrography
quantitative fibrinogen
qualitative fibrinogen
electrophoresis
182
Which of the following is NOT an example of primary anemia?
anemia of inflammatory diseases
RBC parasites (anaplasmosis, etc)
IMHA
183
Which of the following is NOT an example of a primary anemia?
IMHA
RBC parasites (anaplasmosis, etc.)
anemia of inflammatory diseases
184
What type of anemia does Cytauxzoon felis cause?
nonregenerative
regenerative
185
How do we define specificity?
The ability of a test to detect disease
the probability of X being true if the test says X is true
How close the test result comes to the 'true value'
the ability of a test to detect a normal animal
186
Usually intravascular anemia ALSO has an extravascular component, but the reverse does not occur.
True
False
187
The tiger top tube (serum separator) has an anticoagulant in addition to the gel that separates the RBCs and serum.
true
false
188
What is one reason I should not use a heparin tube for a CBC?
the cell morphology changes due to the heparin
platelets clump and the cells stain weird due to the heparin
the heparin may cause lymphocytes to lyse
running the blood through the machine causes it to clot again
189
In addition to being hypochromic, the RBCs may also _____ due to the deficiency.
fragment
involute
agglutinate
swell
190
Any absolute reticulocyte count higher than _____ in a cat indicates that the bone marrow is responding to anemia
20,000
30,000
40,000
35,000
191
In this type of anemia, there are no cells present on bone marrow aspirate
aplastic anemia
marrow directed immune disease
myelopthisis
iron deficiency
192
Globulins and the A:G ratio are not measured directly but instead calculated
False
True