A key argument in this section is that effective coaching requires:

Responsiveness and interaction with athlete needs and contexts

What was the primary aim of Liu, Barr, and Pearson’s study?

To measure children’s exposure to unhealthy food advertising

What risk does Sam associate with outcome-based funding systems?

Pressure on athletes and federations to prioritise medals over ethics

How does Entine (2000) describe the scientific community’s hesitation in discussing genetics and race in sports?

Because modern sportswomen often embody complex, contradictory identities

Which of the following can disrupt the Ideal Performance State?

Excessive negative thoughts and over-arousal

What does Gee & Jackson (2017) identify as a major cultural resistance in sport?

Resistance to diversity and inclusion due to traditional masculinity

What does Entine (2000) suggest about the role of genetics in sports performance?

Genetics provide an edge but doesn’t replace hard work

What is one of the main arguments made by Schmidt and Stoneham about future sports technologies?

Emerging technologies will reshape how sport is understood

What emotional contradictions are women often faced with, according to Duncan and Klos?

Pride in strength vs. shame over appearance

One concern raised in the chapter about technology in sport is:

Over-commercialization and erosion of traditional values

Sam suggests that for elite sport policy to be truly strategic, it must:

Consider broader social and ethical outcomes beyond just performance

What did the study find about the advertising children were exposed to?

The majority of exposure was to energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods

What does Donnelly suggest about how resistance in sport is typically received?

It is often co-opted or neutralized by mainstream institutions

What is a major tension highlighted in Rinehart’s analysis?

The conflict between cultural resistance and media commodification

Which of the following is an example of resistance in sport discussed by Donnelly?

Athlete activism on racial or social issues

What narrative is linked to the “crisis of masculinity” in sport, as described by Gee & Jackson (2017)?

Societal shifts that challenge traditional masculinity

Hodge emphasizes that effective PST programs should be:

Individualized and integrated into regular training

According to Walker and Leberman, sport in New Zealand and Australia is structured primarily as:

A three-sector system: public, private, and voluntary

Walker and Leberman emphasize that effective sport management requires:

Coordinating across all sectors and levels of government

According to Jackson and Hokowhitu, Sport is viewed in this chapter as

A key site of identity politics

According to Entine, which factor significantly contributes to the dominant West African athletes in springting events?

Genetic traits such as fast-twitch muscle fibers

What does the article by Jackson and Hokowhitu (2002) say about the haka’s global exposure?

It spreads Maori culture but also opens the haka to cultural appropriation

What is “gender policing” in the context of male netball players in New Zealand?

Mocking men’s sexuality or masculinity for playing a feminine sport

What ongoing debate surrounds the haka’s use by the national rugby team?

Issues of cultural appropriation regarding ownership

What persistent issue with women’s representation in traditional sports media does Bruce (2016) highlight?

Women athletes are often infantilised and frames through their appearance

According to the authors, wearable technologies will most likely:

Enable real-time data tracking for training and injury prevention

One issue Pike discusses is that aging athletes are often:

Marginalized by ageist assumptions

Why is PST considered essential in modern sport, according to Hodge?

Because psychological factors often determine success in pressure moments

According to Wilson and Millington, what does the treadmill of production mean?

Economic growth that causes an environmental harm

What is the “Great Sport Myth” according to Coakley?

sport is pure and inherently good, and leads to positive outcomes

What is a key critique Sam raises about targeted funding models?

They can concentrate resources on some sports and athletes

According to Hodge, what is the primary goal of Psychological Skills Training (PS

To develop mental skills that enhance athletic performance

According to Jones, coaching should primarily be viewed as:

A pedagogical and relational practice

Pike emphasizes that successful aging through sport involves:

Engagement, meaning, and self-worth

According to Jones, the pedagogical view of coaching acknowledges:

Teaching, learning, and power are inseparable in sport settings

Coakley argues that one major issue with the Great Sport Myth is that it:

prevents critical analysis of sport’s role in society

How do fitness/beauty magazines often frame the female body?

As a project to be managed and perfected

Coakley suggests that sport should be studied sociologically to:

Understand how sport reflects and reinforces cultural values

What does Hodge describe as the “Ideal Performance State”?

A mental and emotional state where an athlete performs at their best

According to Pike, sport can benefit older adults by:

Supporting physical health, identity, and social connection

In New Zealand, how are men who play netball often portrayed, according to Tagg (2008)?

As humorous novelties or anomalies, reinforcing netball as a women’s sport

One limitation Magee and Jeans identify is that the HWC:

Struggles to create lasting change without broader policy support

What does Rinehart suggest about the way ESPN packages the X Games?

It co-opts alternative sport culture for mainstream consumption

How do digital media platforms like Instagram and Twitter impact female athletes, according to Bruce (2016)?

They give female athletes control, challenging traditional media narratives

What do Duncan and Klos argue about the broader cultural impact of these magazines?

They reproduce gendered ideals of control, shame, and bodily perfection

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SPEX101 Exam Revision

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Answers

1
A key argument in this section is that effective coaching requires:
Responsiveness and interaction with athlete needs and contexts
Sticking strictly to planned drills
Minimizing emotional involvement
Absolute authority over the athlete
2
What was the primary aim of Liu, Barr, and Pearson’s study?
To analyze how often children eat fast food
To measure children’s exposure to unhealthy food advertising
To test new food labelling policies
To evaluate advertising profits for food companies
3
Which sector is described as the backbone of community sport delivery?
Educational institutions
Private corporate sector
Voluntary (non-profit) sector
Public government sector
4
What risk does Sam associate with outcome-based funding systems?
Inefficient facilities
Overreliance on youth academies
Reduced competition levels
Pressure on athletes and federations to prioritise medals over ethics
5
How does Entine (2000) describe the scientific community’s hesitation in discussing genetics and race in sports?
Because modern sportswomen often embody complex, contradictory identities
Because most athletes only fit into one of the categories
Because appearance is irrelevant in sport
6
According to Jackson and Sturm, which stereotype is often reinforced in All Blacks branding
Wiser elder
Warrior masculinity
Spiritual guardian
Passive protestor
7
Jackson and Hokowhitu argue that the haka helps construct
Gender equality
Economic profit
Religious unity
Hybrid identity
8
According to Jackson and Sturm, the blending of culture and commerce can
Eliminate stereotypes
Increase cultural authority
Avoid cultural tensions
Flatten complex identities
9
Which of the following can disrupt the Ideal Performance State?
Positive self-talk
Excessive negative thoughts and over-arousal
Calm breathing
Clear goals
10
What does Gee & Jackson (2017) identify as a major cultural resistance in sport?
Resistance to commercialization
Resistance to social media coverage
Resistance to adopting new sports rules
Resistance to diversity and inclusion due to traditional masculinity
11
What does Entine (2000) suggest about the role of genetics in sports performance?
Environment is more important than genetics
Genetics guarantees athletic success without effort
Genetics provide an edge but doesn’t replace hard work
Genetics has no role in sports performance
12
What is one of the main arguments made by Schmidt and Stoneham about future sports technologies?
Emerging technologies will reshape how sport is understood
Sports technology mainly benefits recreational users
All technological changes will be resisted by governing bodies
Technology will replace athletes entirely
13
What emotional contradictions are women often faced with, according to Duncan and Klos?
Confidence vs. ignorance
Pride in strength vs. shame over appearance
Joy in rest vs. anger at inactivity
Self-expression vs. competitive drive
14
One concern raised in the chapter about technology in sport is:
Lack of content on social media
Decline in fan attendance
Too much focus on aesthetics
Over-commercialization and erosion of traditional values
15
Sam suggests that for elite sport policy to be truly strategic, it must:
Focus only on medal counts
Be fully privatized
Consider broader social and ethical outcomes beyond just performance
Cut funding for non-Olympic sports
16
What did the study find about the advertising children were exposed to?
The majority of exposure was to energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods
Children saw more ads for sports and games than food
Most ads promoted fruits and vegetables
Advertising exposure was highest during school hours
17
What does Donnelly suggest about how resistance in sport is typically received?
It leads to immediate policy change
It is often co-opted or neutralized by mainstream institutions
It is celebrated and welcomed by all fans
It is ignored by the media entirely
18
What is a major tension highlighted in Rinehart’s analysis?
The rivalry between traditional and modern sports
The legal risks of extreme sports
The clash between sport safety and performance
The conflict between cultural resistance and media commodification
19
Which of the following is an example of resistance in sport discussed by Donnelly?
Athlete activism on racial or social issues
Performance-enhancing drug use
Boycotts over ticket prices
Protests against unfair judging
20
What narrative is linked to the “crisis of masculinity” in sport, as described by Gee & Jackson (2017)?
A celebration of traditional male dominance without challenge
The crisis only exists in women’s sports
Societal shifts that challenge traditional masculinity
Complete elimination of male sports
21
Which of the following is not a core component of Psychological Skills Training discussed by Hodge?
Imagery
Motivation
Goal setting
Equipment selection
22
Hodge emphasizes that effective PST programs should be:
Only focused on elite performers
Delivered only during competition
Individualized and integrated into regular training
Generic for all athletes
23
According to Walker and Leberman, sport in New Zealand and Australia is structured primarily as:
A centralised, top-down government model
A three-sector system: public, private, and voluntary
A commercial entertainment industry
A fully privatized system
24
Walker and Leberman emphasize that effective sport management requires:
Deregulating sport structures
Reducing volunteer involvement
Focusing only on elite performance
Coordinating across all sectors and levels of government
25
According to Jackson and Hokowhitu, Sport is viewed in this chapter as
Politically neutral
A key site of identity politics
Pure entertainment
A tool of social control
26
According to Entine, which factor significantly contributes to the dominant West African athletes in springting events?
Genetic traits such as fast-twitch muscle fibers
Economic resources
Environmental training conditions
Cultural preferences
27
What does the article by Jackson and Hokowhitu (2002) say about the haka’s global exposure?
It has no effect on how haka is perceived
It spreads Maori culture but also opens the haka to cultural appropriation
It diminishes the haka’s cultural value
It limits haka to local New Zealand audiences
28
What is “gender policing” in the context of male netball players in New Zealand?
Encouraging men to play all sports equally
Mocking men’s sexuality or masculinity for playing a feminine sport
Excluding women from netball competitions
Promoting gender equality through netball
29
What ongoing debate surrounds the haka’s use by the national rugby team?
The haka is universally accepted without controversy
Whether it should be replaced by another ritual
Issues of cultural appropriation regarding ownership
Whether the haka should be shortened to save time
30
What persistent issue with women’s representation in traditional sports media does Bruce (2016) highlight?
Women athletes receive more sponsorship than male athletes
Women’s athletic performance is the sole focus
Women athletes are often infantilised and frames through their appearance
Women are overrepresented compared to men
31
According to the authors, wearable technologies will most likely:
Enable real-time data tracking for training and injury prevention
Be too expensive for mainstream use
Have little effect on sports performance
Be banned from elite competitions
32
One issue Pike discusses is that aging athletes are often:
Pressured to retire early
Overrepresented in sports media
Marginalized by ageist assumptions
More likely to be professional athletes
33
Why is PST considered essential in modern sport, according to Hodge?
Because coaches require certification in psychology
Because most athletes are psychologically weak
Because psychological factors often determine success in pressure moments
Because it replaces the need for physical training
34
According to Wilson and Millington, what does the treadmill of production mean?
Player fatigue in training
Economic growth that causes an environmental harm
A workout culture trend
Recycled production cycles
35
What is the “Great Sport Myth” according to Coakley?
sport is pure and inherently good, and leads to positive outcomes
sport is naturally political and corrupt
sport is only valuable at the elite level
sport is dangerous and should be restricted
36
What is a key critique Sam raises about targeted funding models?
They often ignore scientific training
They always prioritize youth development
They can concentrate resources on some sports and athletes
They are primarily used for recreational sport
37
According to Hodge, what is the primary goal of Psychological Skills Training (PS
To develop mental skills that enhance athletic performance
To improve nutrition habits
To create uniform coaching styles
To enhance physical conditioning
38
According to Jones, coaching should primarily be viewed as:
A technical performance science
A standardized training method
A pedagogical and relational practice
A results-driven management process
39
Pike emphasizes that successful aging through sport involves:
Avoiding social interaction
Rigorous medical supervision
Competing at the highest levels
Engagement, meaning, and self-worth
40
According to Jones, the pedagogical view of coaching acknowledges:
Coaching is most effective when standardized
Only elite sport contexts require coaching theory
Teaching, learning, and power are inseparable in sport settings
Coaches should focus only on outcomes
41
Coakley argues that one major issue with the Great Sport Myth is that it:
prevents critical analysis of sport’s role in society
encourages more public funding for sport
makes sport more inclusive
leads to better mental health outcomes
42
How do fitness/beauty magazines often frame the female body?
As a biological constant
As a project to be managed and perfected
As independent of cultural norms
As naturally perfect and complete
43
Coakley suggests that sport should be studied sociologically to:
Encourage fun and relaxation
Promote nationalism
Find the best way to train elite athletes
Understand how sport reflects and reinforces cultural values
44
What does Hodge describe as the “Ideal Performance State”?
The moment before a competition begins
The time when an athlete receives a reward
A mental and emotional state where an athlete performs at their best
A state of peak physical conditioning
45
According to Pike, sport can benefit older adults by:
Reinforcing stereotypes of decline
Reducing access to public health services
Supporting physical health, identity, and social connection
Increasing social isolation
46
In New Zealand, how are men who play netball often portrayed, according to Tagg (2008)?
As humorous novelties or anomalies, reinforcing netball as a women’s sport
As professional sportsmen with equal media coverage
As role models for masculine sports behavior
As respected athletes breaking gender norms
47
One limitation Magee and Jeans identify is that the HWC:
Struggles to create lasting change without broader policy support
Discourages international participation
Requires participants to have full-time employment
Overemphasizes competition and winning
48
What does Rinehart suggest about the way ESPN packages the X Games?
It strictly preserves original sport values
It co-opts alternative sport culture for mainstream consumption
It avoids stereotypes and focuses on authenticity
It resists mainstream appeal entirely
49
How do digital media platforms like Instagram and Twitter impact female athletes, according to Bruce (2016)?
They give female athletes control, challenging traditional media narratives
They reinforce traditional stereotypes of women in sports
They are mostly used for entertainment, not serious sports content
They limit female athletes’ opportunities to express themselves
50
What do Duncan and Klos argue about the broader cultural impact of these magazines?
They reduce interest in sports
They support diverse representations of bodies
They reproduce gendered ideals of control, shame, and bodily perfection
They focus mainly on male readers’ perspectives
51
According to Jackson and Hokowhitu, Maori visibility through the haka can sometimes
Mask ongoing inequalities
Remove colonial power structures
Empower all indigenous groups
Prevent commercialisation
52
Magee and Jeans critique the HWC by arguing that:
Can reinforce individual responsibility while ignoring structural issues
It promotes dependence on charity
It fails to attract media attention
It is too focused on women’s football
53
A key feature of sport governance in both countries is:
A single national authority controlling all sport
Direct management by international sporting federations
A complex mix of local, regional, and national bodies
No formal structure or governance
54
According to Bruce, what does third-wave feminism allow sportswomen to do that was previously discouraged?
Embrace both strength and traditional femininity in their public image
Separate their identity from their sport entirely
Avoid any media interaction
Completely reject femininity and focus on athleticism only
55
The relationship between athletes and ESPN in the X Games is best described as:
One-sided dominance by the network
Completely disconnected from media influence
A negotiation between subcultural identity and commercial gain
Purely resistant to commercialization
56
According to Jackson and Hokowhitu, what does the haka represent for Maori communities?
Cultural expression and resistance
A performance of colonial power
A rugby only tradition
A commercial product
57
Hodge argues that psychological skills, like physical skills, must be:
Learned and consistently practiced
Ignored in early training
Taught reactively during performance issues
Left to natural development
58
What role does the public sector typically play in sport management?
Running private gyms
Organizing elite sponsorship deals
Managing sports broadcasting
Funding and policy development
59
What is the main focus of Sam’s chapter?
The health benefits of grassroots sports
The history of Olympic rule changes
The rationale and impact of targeted elite sport funding
The effects of private sponsorship on school sports
60
What is corporate nationalism?
National symbols in foreign brands
National identity used in advertising
National teams owned by corporations
Government controlled branding
61
According to Wilson and Millington, ecological modernisation argues sustainability can be achieved through
Withdrawal from global sport
Profit driven innovation
Reducing competition
Anti capitalism
62
One key feature of the Ideal Performance State is:
External distractions
Total focus and confidence
Emotional detachment
Aggressive behaviour
63
According to Rinehart, ESPN’s X Games represent a site where:
Countercultural sports meet commercial media forces
Alternative sports remain pure and untouched
Only elite athletes can participate
Government policies on sport are enforced
64
According to Bruce (2016), what is a key feature of third-wave feminism in sports media representation?
Allowing sportswomen to include self expression and personal branding
Emphasise only athletic achievements, ignore appearance or relationships
Encouraging women athletes to avoid all media presence
Rejecting femininity entirely in favor of athleticism
65
According to Gee & Jackson (2017), how is sport related to masculinity?
Sport remains a key site where traditional masculinity is celebrated
Sport is now an inclusive space where masculinity is not emphasized
Sport promotes alternative masculinities exclusively
Sport no longer plays any role in defining masculinity
66
According to Jackson and Sturm, the All Blacks brand uses Maori culture to
Resist commercialisation
Preserve sacred traditions
Strengthen global profits and pride
Entertain players
67
The authors argue that for sport interventions like the HWC to be truly effective, they must:
Focus solely on physical training
Be embedded in wider social support systems and address inequalities
Use sport purely as entertainment
Eliminate all forms of sponsorship
68
What does Coakley say is necessary for developing a critical sociology of sport?
Using data only from elite-level sports
Challenging dominant assumptions and cultural sensibilities
Promoting more televised sport events
Accepting the status quo in sport systems
69
Why is the haka considered a site of identity negotiation in New Zealand sport?
It has been rejected by modern teams
It is purely symbolic and has no real meaning
It is used to challenge gender norms
It reflects ongoing tensions between honouring Maori tradition
70
Jones challenges traditional coaching models by emphasizing:
The separation between athlete and coach
The social and dialogical nature of learning and development
The need for emotional detachment in coaching
The purely scientific nature of coaching
71
What do the authors say about virtual and augmented reality in sport?
They will mostly affect e-sports, not traditional sports
They are unlikely to impact athletes
They could redefine how fans experience live events
They are being phased out due to safety concerns
72
According to the article, the Homeless World Cup can positively impact participant
Improving confidence, teamwork, and social connections
Providing free access to professional leagues
Offering large financial rewards
Guaranteeing long-term housing
73
Donnelly sees popular resistance in sport as:
A distraction from athletic performance
An important way to challenge dominant ideologies
An important way to challenge dominant ideologies
Rare and generally ineffective
74
Why does Bruce (2016) criticize binary thinking such as “pretty vs. powerful” in sports media?
Because media only shows women as powerful
Because appearance is irrelevant in sport
Because most athletes only fit into one of the categories
Because modern sportswomen often embody complex, contradictory identities
75
What does Pike suggest about policies and programs for older athletes?
They are unnecessary due to natural declines
They must recognize diversity in aging experiences and abilities
They should focus only on competitive outcomes
They should discourage non-traditional forms of exercise
76
According to Wilson and Millington, what’s a major critique of ecological modernisation?
It focuses too much on athletes
It avoids deep structural change
It requires state socialism
It challenges corporate power
77
How is “empowerment” often used in fitness/beauty media?
As a means of rejecting traditional beauty norms
As a form of athletic training philosophy
As a political call to action
As a commercial strategy tied to bodily discipline
78
Why is space-time analysis particularly useful in this context?
It helps track food prices
It maps children’s movements and links them to ad exposure
It shows how much children eat per day
It monitors internet usage trends
79
Rinehart uses the term “co-option” to describe:
The process of turning oppositional culture into profitable spectacle
Athletes rejecting sponsorship
Media preserving cultural authenticity
Fans organizing grassroots events
80
According to the study, what is a key health policy implication?
Increase food advertising to promote healthy habits
Implement stricter regulations around regulation of unhealthy food ads
Subsidize fast food options for low-income families
Introduce a national campaign on cooking skills
81
What is the “taboo” that Entine (2000) discusses in relation to sports genetics?
Avoiding discussions about training methods
Public and academic reluctance to discuss genetic differences
Refusing to acknowledge environmental factors
Ignoring economic influences in sport
82
According to Coakley, believing in the Great Sport Myth can result in:
Increased competition at youth levels
Over-regulation of athletic competition
Unquestioned support for harmful sport institutions
more science-based coaching strategies
83
What is the central paradox explored by Duncan and Klos in fitness/beauty magazine discourse?
Supporting body positivity while avoiding exercise
Advocating for self-care while rejecting beauty routines
Promoting strength while discouraging competition
Encouraging empowerment while reinforcing body control and discipline
84
What concept does Jones use to describe the everyday, dynamic nature of coachi
Biomechanical rationality
Routinized programming
Instructional hierarchy
Pedagogical improvisation
85
Hodge notes that psychological strategies like imagery and self-talk:
Help athletes enter and maintain their ideal state
Have limited effect in competition
Are only useful for beginner athletes
Should replace physical training
86
What is the central theme of Chapter 10 in Pike’s Aging, Sports, and Society?
How sport participation affects older adults’ wellbeing
The rise of youth elite sports programs
The marketing of sports supplements
The decline of physical activity in childhood
87
Donnelly argues that resistance in sport often comes from:
Corporate sponsors
Referees and officials
Sports administrators
Marginalized or oppressed individuals and groups
88
Schmidt and Stoneham discuss data analytics in sport as a tool for:
Replacing human coaching
Reducing the role of fans
Making more strategic decisions and enhancing performance
Automating refereeing entirely
89
According to Wilson and Millington, Green sport campaigns often prioritise
Meaningful policy change
Long term sustainability
Grassroots activism
Media friendly gestures
90
What concern arises from institutionalizing the haka within New Zealand rugby?
That it may lose cultural meaning and be seen as performative
That it may be banned for being too aggressive
That it will promote Māori culture too strongly
That it will overshadow the sport Because they dominate the sport
91
According to Jackson and Hokowhitu, how is the haka often presented in global media?
Appropriated and decontextualised
Ignored completely
A formal dance competition
As a sacred ritual
92
According to Wilson and Millington, sport has the potential to
Disconnect people from nature
Avoid political influence
Reinforce eco-passivity
Influence environmental values
93
According to Sam, one reason governments support targeted elite funding is:
To generate international prestige and national pride
To develop amateur clubs
To promote gender equality
To boost coaching salaries
94
What is the primary aim of the Homeless World Cup (HWC) as described by Magee and Jeans?
To scout professional football talent
To use football as a tool for social inclusion and personal transformation
To create commercial opportunities for sponsors
To promote elite-level football
95
One major concern raised by Jackson and Sturm is
Underrepresentation of athletes
Overexposure of global sport
Simplification of Maori identity
Performance enhancing drugs
96
What role does the All Blacks’ haka play in New Zealand society, according to Jackson and Hokowhitu (2002)?
A cultural symbol representing Maori heritage
A simple pre-game ritual with no cultural significance
A controversial symbol rejected by most New Zealanders
A performance unrelated to national identity
97
How has technology influenced the global perception of the haka?
Technology has made the haka less authentic
The haka is only known locally and unaffected by technology
Technology has reduced interest in the haka
Digital media amplifies the haka globally, shaping interpretations
98
What warning does Entine (2000) give about interpreting genetic data in sport?
That it can lead to overgeneralizations and deterministic conclusions
That it should replace environmental explanations entirely
That it has no practical applications
That it proves athletic ability is 100% genetic
99
According to Donnelly, sport can serve as a site for popular resistance because:
It is always controlled by the government
Athletes avoid political involvement
Fans typically demand policy changes
It is a highly visible and culturally significant space
100
What research method did the authors use?
Focus groups with parents and teachers
Ethnographic interviews
Randomized controlled trial
Space-time analysis using GPS and diary logs
101
What role does the media play in reinforcing gender norms in netball, according to Tagg (2008)?
It ignores netball entirely
It promotes men’s leagues over women’s
It portrays male netballers as humorous or unusual
It treats all netballers equally
102
According to Tagg (2008), why do male netball players in New Zealand often face ridicule?
Because they lack skill
Because netball is strongly feminised and men challenge gender norms
Because netball is seen as a difficult sport
Because they dominate the sport
103
What limitation does Bruce (2016) note about empowerment in sports media representation?
It completely removes all stereotypes for female athletes
Mainly empowers young, white, hetero, able athletes
It prevents athletes from expressing femininity
It is equally experienced by all sportswomen regardless of background

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